The Justification Of War Has Been An Ideal That Has Caused Much Debate

The justification of war has been an ideal that has caused much debate and controversy for humanity throughout all time. It has been studied and interpreted by many theologians, philosophers, and politicians. There have many manuscripts documenting the correct use of war and the proper means of exercising force. Within the western tradition two main principles, the Christian and Islamic, have appeared that attempt to explain just war in relation to maintaining a peaceful society. Both of these traditions have similar main premises of a constant battle between a split society, one of good and the other of evil. However, there are many differences within each of the two respective religions view on the ideas of the conception of a well ordered society, the religious and secular influences on each ideology, and the justification and authorization of war. The Christian conception of a well-ordered, peaceful society, the City of God, was maintained and influenced by the ideal of just war. The City of God theory was created by St. Augustine of Hippo in the 4th century. His motivation for his writing was fueled by the decaying Roman Empire. St. Augustine felt that the collapse of the western empire to the invading barbarians resulted from the peaceful Christian ethic. "The charge was the traditional Christian pacifism had helped create untenable military circumstances for the western empire, the Church's concern to prepare it's members for the next life, had led to an ahistorical and socially irresponsible approach to the inescapable problems of individuals and societies in history (Tranquillitas Ordinis, Weigel)." Within his writings, he made a clear distinction between two cities, one that was based for Earthly living (City of Earth) and one that was based on love for God (City of God). He believed the City of Earth was capable of doin g good, however was fundamentally evil because the only pure good is God. There is a direct correlation between the City of Earth and the Roman Empire. Augustine pointed out the many achievements of the Roman State, but felt it did not give God his due (Holy War Idea, Johnson). In order to correct this situation God created salvation for the inhabitants of the City of Earth through grace. By altering human motivations to become properly ordered through the love for God (Holy War Idea, Johnson). With this love for God, the City of God will become a reality. This entire society stemmed from individual motivation, and for love of neighbor. Augustine felt that a selfish motivation was a sign of a sinner. Only a good person would have right motivation, which is expressed as love towards God. To maintain this peaceful society it would have to have the following three characteristics: Justice, Order, and Peace. To uphold these ideals, there existed a positive attitude towards just war. Jus t war aided the transformation from the presently evil world to the benevolent City of God. The Muslim concept of a well-ordered society, dar al-Islam, developed their ideals of jihad. Classical Islamic thought partitioned the world into two separate societies. The Dar al-Islam was considered the territory of peace, and the dar al-harb was literally the "territory of war". The dar al-Islam is an area that promotes and signifies the supremacy of Muslims beliefs. The dar-al Islam is the area of peace and justice, it is considered to be the most secure place for all humans. The people of this territory need not be Muslims, they have to acknowledge the Muslim rule, and they need to be of a monotheistic religion. Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians were all allowed to live within the Dar al-Islam peacefully. The important aspect of non-Muslims living within the dar al-Islam is their behavior. Right action, not right thought was used to define which inhabitants can exist within the Dar al-Islam. By Contrast, the dar a-Harb was the state of unrest and war. It is characterized by str ife and internal disorder (Islam and War, Kelsay). This disorder, if mobilized correctly could become a threat to the dar al-Islam. The peace of the world could only occur if it was all part of the dar al-Islam. These two areas were constantly in a state of war with each other. For Muslims to

18 Ways for Kids to Practice Spelling Words

18 Ways for Kids to Practice Spelling Words Each week your child is likely to come home with a spelling word list in which they will have a test at the end of the week. It’s their job to study and learn the words, but simply looking at them isn’t going to do the trick. They will need some tools to help them remember the words. Here are 18 creative and interactive ways to practice spelling words. Make a Spelling Word Origami Fortune Teller These are also known as Cootie Catchers. It’s easy enough to create spelling word Cootie Catchers and having your child spell the word out loud is very helpful for auditory learners. Make and Use a â€Å"Word Catcher These modified fly-swatters can be a lot of fun to use. Give your child a copy of their spelling words and you might be surprised to see how enthusiastic they are to start swatting the words in all the books, magazines, posters, and papers in the house. Magnetic Letters, Alphabet Blocks, or Scrabble Pieces Just as saying the words out loud can help an auditory learner, literally building the words can be helpful for more visual learners. Just keep in mind you might need more than one set of magnetic letters to spell all the words. Create Your Own Crossword Puzzle Luckily there are free online tools like Discovery Educations puzzlemaker program to help you make puzzles. All you have to do is type in the word list. Use Sensory Play Some kids learn better when all their senses are involved. Doing things like spraying shaving cream on the table and letting your child trace their words in it or having them write them with a stick in the dirt can help cement the words in their memory. Play Spelling Word Memory There are a couple of ways to do this. You can make two sets of flashcards with the spelling words- it’s a good idea to write each set in a different color- or you can make one set with the words and one with the definition. After that, it’s played just like any other Memory game. Trace the Words in Rainbow Colors This is a variation on the old â€Å"write your words ten times† homework. Your child can trace each word over and over to remember the order of the letters for each word. In the end, though, it’s a lot prettier than a simple word list. Let Your Child Text the Words to You This way to practice spelling words depends, of course, on whether your child has a cell phone and what the plan includes. With unlimited texting, though, it’s easy enough for you to receive the text, correct the spelling if necessary, and send back an emoticon. Use Sandpaper Letters to Make Spelling Word Rubbings Though it requires a little prep work, this is a fun way to practice the words. Once you have a set of sandpaper letter stencils, your child can arrange each word, place a piece of paper over it, and make a rubbing with pencil or crayons. Make Word Searches This, too, is an activity that is easy enough with online resources. SpellingCity.com is a fantastic site that allows you to make word searches and create other activities for your child. Play Hangman Hangman is a great go-to game when it comes to spelling words. If you have your child use a copy of their spelling list, it will be easier for them to narrow down which word you’re using. Remember, you can always use the definition as a clue! Make up a Spelling Word Song It may sound silly, but there’s a definite connection between music and literacy. If you and your child are creative, you can create your own silly tune. For the less musically-inclined, try setting the words to the tune of â€Å"Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star† or another nursery rhyme song. Play the â€Å"Add-A-Letter† Game This game is a fun way to interact with your child. One of you starts writing the spelling word on the paper by writing one letter. The next one adds the next letter. Since many word lists include words that start with the same sounds, it may be challenging to know which word your game partner started writing. Write a Story Using Each Spelling Word Many teachers ask students to do this with their spelling words for homework, but you can add a twist by giving your child a topic to write or tell a story about. For example, challenge her to write a story about zombies using all their words. Highlight the Words in the Newspaper Give your child a highlighter and a pile of newspapers and time them to see how long it takes for them to find and highlight all the words on their list. Play a â€Å"What Letter Is Missing?† Game Slightly different than Hangman and similar to the Add-a-Letter game, this game is played by writing or typing the words, but leaving a blank space of two for key letters. Your child will have to put in the correct letters. This works particularly well to practice the vowel sounds. Act Them Out Essentially this is playing the game Charades with your child’s spelling words. You can do it a couple of ways- give your child a list of the words and have them guess which one you are acting out or put all the words in a bowl, have them choose one and ask them to act it out. Put Them in ABC Order While alphabetizing the list won’t necessarily help your child learn to spell each individual word, it will help them recognize the words and, for some children, just moving the strips (on which each word is written) around can help them keep the word in their visual memory.

Business Written Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Written Report - Assignment Example The company’s products are widely distributed and available in approximately 190 countries in the world. However, one of the company’s largest brands includes axe, dove, omo, magnum, Rexona among others (Forbes, 2015). The company has specific codes that are used in identifying its products all over the world. The company’s turnover is expected to be worth billions of dollars annually. This is because it operates in more than 190 countries where its products are consumed on a daily basis. This has been achieved through aggressive marketing and advertising of its products all over the world. Annually, the company allocates subsequent amounts on adverting of various brands in the competitive global market. Further, the company is an equal opportunity employer all over the world. The company has established various plants in different locations in the world where people with different knowledge, skills and expertise are employed (Unilever, 2015). The company believes in diversification as human capital development. This is evident from the various platforms and opportunities such offering internships and future leadership development programs that are offered annually. Ownership: The Company is a merger founded in 1929 by a number of partners who were later preceded by Lever Brothers ad Magarive Unie (Unilever, 2015). Initially, it was margarine and soapmaker. However, in the 20th century, the company diversified into manufacturing other consumer goods. All over the world, the company has made numerous acquisitions in order to establish its plants. The company specialization has changed over the years. This has been greatly influenced by the owners and the trends and dynamics as per that time. In the business world today, consumer needs, tastes and preferences continue to change (Perderson, 2008). Therefore, the company must put measures and structures in place to ensure that it can gain the maximum from the available

Adolf Hitler Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Adolf Hitler - Research Paper Example Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was born to Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl on April 20, 1889 in a small Austrian village of Braunau Am near the German border. Alois was an illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. It is suspected that the father was a Jewish boy of the house where Maria used to work although there is no certain evidence to support this. This is important because Hitler would later in his life go on to start a campaign of eliminating Jews and their lineages, however remote they be. By the time Alois married Adolf’s mother, he already had two kids from previous marriages – a boy and a girl. Adolf was the fourth of the six children from this marriage, the previous three having died before reaching age 3 - so Hitler would get special attention from his mother due to her fear of losing him. Alois, a civil servant, retired after 40 years of service in 1896, the same year as Adolf started attending school at age six. Having been used to strict working life, Alois would often take out his frustration of retirement on the oldest boy in the household - Alois Jr., who was 13.He, however, ran away from home at age 14 which meant that Adolf, at age 7, would now be the subject of harsh words and beating from their father. At this time, the family moved to Lambach, Austria and then to Leonding, near Linz in 1898. Around this time, one day while rummaging through his father’s library, Hitler came across a book on the Franco-German war of 1870-71. He found the book very interesting and soon became more and more enthusiastic about anything related to war. In his memoires, Mein Kampf, Hitler recalls â€Å"It was not long before the great heroic struggle had become my greatest inner experience. From then on I became more and more enthusiastic about everything that was in any w ay connected with war or, for that matter, with soldiering.† When Adolf Hitler completed grade school, he wanted to become an artist but his father forced him to go to the technical school with the wish that Adolf become a civil servant one day just like Alois had been. Hitler did quite poorly in the first year as he wanted to show his father that he was unsuitable for technical school as he wrote in Mein Kampf (Chapter 2) "I thought that once my father saw what little progress I was making at the [technical school] he would let me devote myself to the happiness I dreamed of." But his father refused to listen and persisted with Adolf staying in the technical school which made Adolf perform badly in the school and indulge in various pranks and disobedience of his teachers. Then in 1903, Adolf’s father died of lung hemorrhage making Adolf the head male of the house. This also meant that his struggles with his father over the choice of career would come to an end and there would be no more harsh words or arguing with his father. In 1904, Hitler left the high school at Linz and moved to another one at Steyr, a town 25 miles from Linz. Here, Hitler lived in a small house with another boy and the boys would sometimes amuse themselves by shooting rats. During summer 1905, Hitler suffered from an inherited lungs disease. In September 1905, after passing an exam, Hitler and his friends celebrated it with drinks leading to him getting drunk and being woken up next day in the streets. After this incident, Hitler swore never to drink again. Using his poor health as an excuse, Hitler finally got rid of the school at age 16 and after spending some

Business marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business marketing - Case Study Example Quality is AAA Office World’s surest way of establishing a good market standing (Kourdi, 2003). The fact that the company’s strategy involves both regional and local suppliers shows that it has vast presence. It is prudent that AAA prioritizes new-product development. Continuous product development helps diversify the company’s offerings. However, product development requires many resources and can easily overshadow promotion of existing products. Product promotion should also be allocated more resources because it will not only help inform many customers of the company’s products but also instigate hype for its new products. Hype would be assured for AAA because its existing and new products deliver on the things that consumers are promised. Promotion will make customers to look out, always, for AAA’s next product (Ireland et. al., 2012). Stasia Acosta should consider taking up Business Center’s offer. One of the reasons that underpin the feasibility of this move is the fact that AAA has excess capacity and could handle Business Center’s orders and still have enough to supply its other stationers and suppliers. Such a production capacity would have the advantage of expanding AAA’s distribution network because it would capitalize on both Business Centers many vast presence and that other supplies. It is fortunate that Business Center is seeking the line of file folders that brings Stasia 20 percent gross margin only. The performance of this line of file folders needs a move that will help raise its gross margin to be at par with those of other lines of file folders. Doing away with this line of file folders is the other option that Stasia can consider to deal with its minimal performance but this option would be tantamount to the â€Å"commodity end of the business† that Ramon works so hard to avoid (AAA Office World

Green Living: What Is It?

Green Living: What Is It? The earth, as we know it is deteriorating in ways more than one. In order to set it right and restore the balance of events, we need to take an initiate and change our lifestyles to support the planets health. There are many ways by which you can also start to live greenly. The actual meaning of green living is to live in a way that is favorable to the planet and does not harm, or use up any of its resources excessively. It shows that you care for your planet, and are willing to make an initiative to set things right. If one person starts to live in greenly, others will see the effort he is making and eventually start to follow his example. Because the condition of the planet is worsening day by day, it is important that we take an initiative right now rather than repent it later. The world is deteriorating at a rapid rate, and it is all because of us. Many people dont give enough care to what they do, and these results in a rapid use up of the planets resources. For instance, we often do not give enough care to the electricity consumption of our house. There are many ways by which you can start green living too. However, in order to actually make an impact, we people need to realize the damages that we are doing and we all need to make a collective effort towards the betterment of this planet. One person can make a difference, but one person can set an example for others to follow. Some of the tips that we can follow in order to live greenly are mentioned below. The first thing that you need to do is to limit your energy consumption. There are many ways by which you can do that. Try to avoid excessive usage of your desktop computer, because a desktop computer uses up lots of energy that could otherwise be saved. For instance, you could just start to use a laptop, and if you dont have one, it is certainly wise that you buy one for yourself so that you can limit your energy consumption. Now, as mentioned, one person cant do anything or make an impact on the planet at all. However, imagine if every person in an area started to effectively use their energy and started to limit their consumption, then what would happen? Ill tell you, the planet would slowly start to heal itself because a load would be lessened and slowly the resources that are used in generating electricity would be lessened and this could be highly beneficial because at present we use large amounts of coal and other thermal resources to facilitate our stay on this planet. However, the rapid consumption of these resources, which are non renewable would want day result in the death of one of these crucial resources. For instance, if coal becomes extinct, then a lot of activity on this planet would cease to exist and we would just be searching for alternatives that might not be found so easily. However, if we start to use non renewable energy in our homes and start to take care of our planet, we could definitely make a small impact which might enlarge and the whole world might just join the go green movement. Article#2 Green Living- Time to go green: Summary Green living is the changing of your life style to set it according to the ways of the planet. By that, I mean that we need to make our stay more favorable in this planet so that we do not harm it in any way. There are many ways to initiate green living. In order to make your life a bit better and a bit greener, you need to take certain steps so that you do not harm the resources of this planet. The first step that you can include if you wish to start green living is efficient energy consumption. Many people dont realize that they waste large amounts of energy in various unnecessary things that could otherwise be saved. Electrical energy is made by the use of thermal resources and there are very few plants that make use of non renewable resources. Hence, the more energy you waste, the more thermal resources would be used up of the planet. If all these resources get used up, this could be very harmful for the planet in a variety of ways. At present, we are rapidly using the planets resources to facilitate and make our lives better. But, if we cut down on them, we could certainly make living on this planet a bit better and much greener. You can practice a variety of small things that could certainly save you a lot of energy which could otherwise reduce the load on the planet. If you have a car that runs on diesel or petrol, it would be wise to convert it to CNG, which uses compressed natural gas that is not harmful in any way to the planet. What happen when you use petrol or diesel is that carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are released in to the atmosphere, which harms the planets atmosphere as well as the ozone layer of the planet. We need to take care of the planet, because we have certainly used it in a very harmful way. Other things that we can do and change if we want to live greener life are that we can cut down on our energy consumption. Some of the largest amounts of energy are consumed when people leave the lights of their homes on and do not bother to turn them off. The lights just keep on using energy even though they are not being used in any way. Therefore, it is always wise and highly recommended that you shut off the lights before leaving any room so that you can save on energy. A go green movement has been initiated by the people, and it is gaining a lot of popularity as more and more people are changing their lives and living methods so that their stay on this planet becomes favorable for them as well as for the planet. You need to take care of the planet, because if we dont then there is no one else who will. We need to practice just a few things which would certainly not restrict our lives in any possible manner, but would certainly allow the planet to heal itself and become a better place for everyone to live in. Start green living, and support the planet, because it never gives up on you. Article#3 Time to Start Green Living! Summary: Our planet is slowly dying, and if we dont do anything about it soon enough, it would eventually begin to deteriorate and everything would be used. The world would become a barren place without any resources. We need to cater to the needs of our planet, and we need to change our life styles so that it becomes beneficial to the planet. We need to become much more eco friendly, so that no harm is dealt to the planet by our existence. At the moment, we are certainly not doing anything like that and in order for us to be able to know whats right and whats wrong for the planet, we really need to open our eyes and look around. Global warming is rapidly become an increasing phenomena, the glaciers are melting at a very fast rate. Do you think this is happening on its own accord? If you do, then you need to revise your thinking. The instigators of global warming are just us. We have driven the planet to the extent that it has begun to harm itself. Every day, we use up large amounts of the resources of the planet to facilitate our lives, but do we realize who is going to replenish those resources? No, we dont. All we are intent on is making life easy for ourselves. However, the time has now come for us to make a move and change our lives so that we do not pose a threat, or become a source of harm to the planet. We need to analyze and see that whatever we are doing is according the needs of the planet or not. If it isnt, then we need to change and start green living so that the planet begins to replenish its resources and becomes the beautiful place it once was. Floods, earth quakes and all natural disasters are instigated because of us if you actually look at it in a wider sense, and all we think is that the planet is hurting us. It is not in any way trying to harm us, but these are just signs of things to come if we dont take care of our beloved planet. Many people have now begun to realize the message that is being conveyed and have begun green living so that they could be free of the guild of destroying the planet. You can start green living as well, and by following some simple guidelines, you could certainly be on your way in helping the planet. It is futile to think that one person can do nothing, but you should try and set an example for others to follow. Try being a source of inspiration to others so that they also being to adopt green living as well. Simple steps such as turning off the lights or electricity when not in use could go a long way in helping the planet, and it highly recommended that we now start to utilize our energy efficiently because it is high time that we begin to listen to the pleas of the planet and try to make life better for ourselves before things get out of hand and it all becomes too late.

Plagiarism :: Cheating Internet Computers Essays

Plagiarism The Internet, what a wonderful place. The Internet connects people across the world, provides the world with vast amounts of easily accessible information, and keeps everyone connected. At first glance, you wouldn ¦Ãƒ t notice any outlying problems with this seemingly brilliant creation of the 20th century. On closer look, however, a major problem has arisen. That problem is called plagiarism. Plagiarism is loosely defined as: to steal and pass off the ideas or words of another as one ¦Ãƒ s own, to use without crediting the source. There is an abundance of free information on the Internet, and regulations for its use, which can ¦Ãƒ t easily be enforced. Consider who uses the Internet for research and study purposes, college students, who have many papers to write. Plagiarism is high among students of all levels, because it ¦Ãƒ s the easy way out. Disciplinary action in regards to plagiarism is so infrequently taken, especially on the college level, th at plagiarism isn ¦Ãƒ t being taken too seriously. There are some universities, however, that are taking it seriously, and immediate action has taken place. On the whole, plagiarism is a serious offense, and steps need to be taken in order to control the use of the information on the Internet. When it comes to the Internet, plagiarism is high among high school and college students for a number of reasons. For starters, the Internet is a relatively new phenomenon, only in the past ten to fifteen years have we been using it for research. Other methods of research have been around for hundreds of years, and thus they have specific guidelines for their use, there are rules about citation and creating bibliographies. I have yet to see a specific, all-inclusive format for citing or recognizing an Internet source. Cheating and plagiarizing have also become less serious offenses to the majority of youth during our time. For example, The State of Americans: This Generation and the next (Free Press, July 1996) reported that in 1969, only 58.3% of high school age students allowed other students to copy from them, while in 1989, 97.5% allowed this to happen. That startling statistic demonstrates these offenses have unacceptably increased over the years.

Aspirin-its preparation, history and applications Essay

How drugs are discovered and developed Pharmacologist along with chemist focus on a specific disease and unmet patient needs in order to discover new drugs. They search for biological targets within the body that play a role in a given disease. Unique molecules are found or created that some day might be medicines. Lead Compound Selection, is the testing of compounds that might undergo the long expensive drug develop process. Random Screening- uses existing ‘library’ of chemical agents. This is the simplest method but the odds are low and patience is needed. Combinational Chemistry Screening- uses a compound (from existing library) as a base, then randomly adding amino acids or molecule segments of other agents to the base compound in order to enhance the base compounds activity and disease fighting potential. The enhanced compounds are then tested in rapid screening test. However this method is complex and costly but it improves the odds. Target Synthesis- targets the disease for drug intervention. For example High Blood Pressure would be studied in detail. Consequently this method still requires screening of hundreds of compounds and extensive amount of research to understand a particular disease process. Drug Modeling- uses more high technology. This method manipulates chemical structures by computers so that they can attach to, activate or deactivate proteins that interfere with or maintain the body’s normal functioning. The model is used to enhance the properties of the other methods but the cost for designer compounds are significant because of the huge amount of research that is needed to identify biochemical target and establish their molecular structure. How safety of drugs is checked before being used on the public A drug undergoes 3 clinical phases before being used on the public. PHASE 1 This is designed to determine the safety of the new drug, how best to administer it and the correct dosage- (one that will minimize desirable side effects). 20-30 patients (volunteers) are used to find out how the drug behaves in their body, so their blood and urine will be frequently monitored. Even though drugs in this will have been already tested in a laboratory. PHASE 2 After the correct dosage has been determined in phase1 clinical trial, it can enter phase2. This trial consists of determining the drug’s effectiveness in treating a specific disease. Phase2 involves more patients (volunteers) and they are tested for the number of platelets in their blood and take frequent blood samples. If the drug being tested brings a positive change in at least 1/5 of the patients then it can be tested in phase3. However if the drug shows very positive effects in-patients, the Food and Drug Administration also have the option of approving the drug for general use at this point. PHASE 3 This trial involves hundreds of patients and is divided into two groups. The control group receives a standard treatment (placebo) and the treatment groups are given the new drug. Results are then compared from the two groups. Blinded studies are used to prevent biased study results. If the new successfully passes a phase3 trial the FDA will approve the drug for marketing to the general public. . Purification -The acetylsalicylic acid is washed with distilled water until all the acetic acid is removed. -It is pressed to be as dry as possible and then dried more by a current of warm air at 60-70 degrees Celsius. The yield of pure acetylsalicylic acid is between 1780-1795kg per batch using this reaction process. * History of Aspirin and its modern development * How aspirin is prepared on the large scale Main reactor for the process- a glass lined 1500 gallon fitted with a water-cooled reflux condenser, thermometers with automatic temperature register and an efficient agitator. The Mother Liquor- 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene (this does not get used up. ). The reactor is charged up with the mother liquor. 1382kg of salicylic acid is added to the mother liquor. The reaction mixture is heated to between 85-92 degrees Celsius and kept at this temperature for 20 hours. The reaction mixture is transferred into an aluminum-cooling tank and is allowed to cool for 3-4 days. By the end the cool mixture will have reached room temperature 15-25 degrees Celsius. At this point the acetylsalicylic acid has precipitated as large regular crystals. Mother liquor is removed by filtration or centrifuging. Filtrate solution- 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid, 510kg of acetic anhydride, 600kg of acetic acid and 1200kg of toluene. The acetic acid is obtained as a by-product of the acetylation step of the process. An well-agitated reactor using a diffusion plate will introduce Ketene gas, to be passed through the recycled filtrate at a temperature between 15-25 degrees Celsius. When a weight increase of 420. 5kg of the Ketene gas is observed, the mother liquor contains 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid and 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene. The Mother liquor is recycled and 1382kg of Salicylic acid is added to continue the reaction cycle. BC- the first and most influential physician wrote about the bitter powder extracted from the willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fever. 1700- The scientist Reverend Edmund Stone found out that the part of the willow tree bark that was bitter and good for fever and pain is a chemical known as Salicin. This converts into another chemical called Salicylic acid when eaten. 1829- A pharmacist known as Leroux showed that Salicin is the active willow ingredient and for the first time an Italian chemist Piria used Salicylic acid to treat pain and swelling in diseases such as Arthritis and to treat fever in illnesses like Influenza. The problem was that these chemicals was causing the users upset stomachs. Some people had bleeding in their digestive tracts from high doses needed to control swelling and pain. It was thought that the reason of stomach upsets were because of the acid in the chemical, therefore the compound Salicylic acid went through a couple of chemical reactions that covered up one of the acidic parts with an ACETYL group, converting it to ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASA). It was found that ASA reduced fever and relieve of pain and swelling but also it was much better for the stomach and worked better than Salicylic Acid. 1899- ASA was given the name ASPIRIN- that comes from the plant relative of a rose that makes SALICYLIC ACID (several plants makes this compound not just willow). Â  How drugs such as aspirin work Prostaglandin is a chemical that is released to make the nerve ending register an even stronger pain to the brain. It is made in working cells of the damaged tissues by using an enzyme called CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX-2). Prostaglandin makes you feel the pain of the damaged area and causes it to swell up (inflammation), to bathe the tissues in fluid from the blood so that it will protect it and help it heal. Pain serves the purpose here to remind you that the damaged area cannot be used, as it is not healed. However sometimes we endure pain when there is no real reason to. For example Period Pains and Arthritis. It can make people feel really uncomfortable and arthritis can damage joints permanently. ASPIRIN works by locking itself to the enzyme that makes the chemical Prostaglandin. The enzyme C0X-2 that is found in normal tissues but mostly in tissues that have been damaged in some way, can no longer convert floating chemicals into Prostaglandin because they are unable to move with the aspirin lock on. Aspirin does not treat the cause of the pain; it just lowers the pain signals getting through your nerves to the brain. How effective aspirin is New researches suggest that an aspirin a day is a preventive measure against Heart Attacks. However the effectiveness of aspirin has differential effects depending on genetics.

Queen Hatshepsut A Female Pharaoh

Queen Hatshepsut A Female Pharaoh Free Online Research Papers Queen Hatshepsut a Female Pharaoh Ancient Egypt has a long illustrious history. A compelling reason why it was one of the earliest civilizations has to be its geographic location. Situated on the northeastern tip of the African continent; bordered on the north by the Mediterranean Sea, the east by the Red Sea, and to the west by the great Sahara Desert, it was naturally protected from invasion. Egypt was vulnerable to invaders, by land, only from the south. Secondly, the great, fertile, Nile river valley contributed to Egypt’s emergence as a great civilization. The annual flooding of the river left a silt-rich valley region able to yield great quantities of cultivated crops capable of supporting an ever-growing population. The northern Delta (Lower Egypt) and the southern valley (Upper Egypt) regions where eventually united by King Menes (Dynastic period, 3100-2660 B.C.E.); thus, creating an important ancient civilization that lasted over 3000 years. King Menes established his capital city (Memphis) along the Nile located just before the flat delta region where the river branches out into several tributaries that flow to the Mediterranean Sea (Hawass, 18). During an era called the New Kingdom (1550-1069 B.C.E.) Egypt experienced its greatest expansion and prosperity directly attributed to a series of strong warrior kings. The first being Ahmose I (r.1550-1525 B.C.E.) whom drove the Asiatic Hyksos out of the delta region and reunited Egypt. Thutmose I (r.1504-1492 B.C.E) using military tactics gleaned from the formidable Hyksos (fast, sleek horse drawn chariots and bronzed tipped arrows), further expanded Egyptian rule by destroying Kerma (1500 B.C.E.) the Nubian city to the south ( 3rd and 4th cataract regions). Thutmose III (r. 1479-1425) orchestrated 17 military campaigns in which he expanded southward further into Nubia; but more impressively he conquered city-states in Syria and Palestine known as the Levant region. Thutmose III had a co-regent `when he was a mere lad. Queen Hatshepsut his co-regent and aunt led a very interesting and atypical life. Even though several prominent Pharaohs followed her (Amenhotep IV, Sety I, Rameses II) during the New Kingdom era; she is the main point of interest for this discussion (lecture notes-timeline, 3-4). The purpose of this essay is to explore Queen Hatshephut’s reign (r.1473-1458) as the most prominent female ruler in ancient Egyptian history. Several Egyptian Queens ruled Egypt but their short reigns took place during periods when the central government seem to be collapsing cause by invasions from outside peoples (Hyksos), or when the ruling family failed to produce male heirs. Such is the case with Queen Nitokerty the last ruler of the 6th Dynasty at the end of the Old Kingdom (2660-2160 B.C.E.). Queen Sobekneferu the last ruler of the 12th Dynasty ruled for four years. Queen Tausret the chief wife of King Seti II ruled for six years at the end of the 19th Dynasty. Records of all three women’s reigns were systematically obscured by the powers to be. This action was an attempt to reaffirm the Egyptian cultural belief that kingship was reserved for males only (Hawass, 31-35). Queen Hatshephut tried and succeeded to dispel this myth during her reign (1473-1458 B.C.E.). She challenged Egypt’s political theology of the era (New Kingdom), starting with her vicarious ascension to the throne. She accomplished things primarily reserved for her male counterparts. Being very ambitious and competent she even expanded Egypt’s repetition as an important world power. Yet; like all three of the aforementioned ruling Queens of the Egyptian pharaonic era, She died in obscurity. Egypt’s political theology was one were only men rulers could secede to the throne under the guise that they were immortal for they were direct descendents of Amon-Re (lecture notes Ancient Egypt, 7). Amon and Re were sun gods worshiped originally in two different regions (Thebes and Heliopolis respectively), but they became the principal gods of Egpyt’s political theology (Bentley, Ziegler, 77). Further legitimizing their claims as absolute monarchs, Egyptian kings were thought to be upholders of cosmic harmony (MA’AT). The logical conclusion to this way of thinking is that only males where divine; thereby, only they could hold the royal office of Pharaoh (lecture notes-Ancient Egypt, 7). Now comes along a woman, feminist in nature, coupled with unyielding ambition and competent as any man to boot. Queen Hatshepsut reigned during the New Kingdom era (1473-1458 B.C.E.). She came to power by slick manipulation of the co-regent position. Queen Hatshepsut’s husband (Thutmose II) died leaving as heir to the throne his son (Thutmose III) by a minor wife. The queen felt he was too young to rule. Therefore being a loving, ambition relative (aunt), she declared herself as co-regent convincing the bureaucratic class that this was the best course of action. Simultaneously she took on the throne name Ma’Atkare (Truthful harmony is the genius of the sun god) (Ray, 45). This was the beginning of 22 year reign during which Queen Hatshepsut begin constructing a female version of Egyptian political theology. Most apparent evidence of her course of action is best recorded in her tomb at Deir-el-Bahri (Essay assignment #1 The Divine conception of Queen Hatshepsut, 1-2). In this epitaph she explains how her mother (Queen Aahmes) was impregnated by the great sun god Amon whom tells the council of gods (The Great Ennead) that this offspring is to have dominion over all (1). Later in this inscription she writes that the gr eat Amon unequivocally states she is of his seed and should be allotted all rights and privileges of kingship backed up by his divine protection (2). Feeling she had justified her right to hold the office of Pharaoh she begins to, pardon the euphemism, strut her stuff. It must be remembered that Egyptian political theory purported that only males could ascend to the office of Pharaoh. Knowing this Queen Hatshepsut created the fiction of her birth via the god Amon; thereby, giving her kingship legitimacy. She further illustrated this claim by doing things previously reserved for her male counterparts such as directly making offerings to the gods as depicted in a relief at the temple of Karnak. Additionally she oversaw the building of two huge granite obelisks in front of the same temple. The inscriptions included such remarks as: the luminous seed of the mighty one, the fine gold of kings, as well as other writings along this vein. Other inscriptions make cunning references to her father (he also sired her half brother and husband Thutmose II). Queen Hatshepsut was much enamored with her father (Thutmose I). He was a great warrior Pharaoh; conversely, her husband (Thutmose II) was not. Could it be a simple matter of hero worship, or was she using he r father’s validity as a great warrior for political reasons (Ray, 53-55). I think a little of both. Queen Hatshepsut proved to be an incredibly gifted administrator and a feminist extraordinaire (Hawass, 33), (Ray, 53-56). During her reign Egypt was experiencing great prosperity in regards to crop production. This enabled the Queen to establish trade with other countries as well as keep her populous fed. Once again, Queen Hatshepsut took advantage of this economic boon, provided by the Nile, to solidify her standing as a female Pharaoh (3). It was very probable that a few bureaucrats were opposed to her stance on kingship. Understandably so being that her claims was a great departure from the long standing divine male concept. Crafty as she was as a politician Queen Hatshepsut once again deferred to her fictional birthright in an attempted to quell the grumblings of her detractors(4). Queen Hatshepsut changed the gender of language as evidenced in the inscriptions on the great monuments erected by her The script referred to her/she; whereas, before the male counterpart him/he was used. Ironically she was portrayed as a male Pharaoh complete with ceremonial beard and headdress in temple scenes; yet, three-dimensional sculptures/statues showed her finer feminine features (rounded, softer facial bone structure, slender limbs, unmistakable breasts, arched eyebrows). She was well aware and proud of her softer feminine physical qualities despite her aggressive feminist ideals (Hawass, 28,31,197) (Ray, 46-47). Besides the great obelisks in front of the Karnak temple, the Queen built an amazing mortuary temple for herself at Deir al-Bahari. This architectural wonder is referred to as one of the jewels of ancient Egyptian. It is built against the cliffs at western Thebes and rises in a three terrace design. The avenue leading up to it is lined with sphinxes and trees. The architectural plan makes use of colonnades on each terrace, and exquisite reliefs that depict not only Hatshepsut’s fictional birthright prose but other accomplishments of her reign. Senenmut her top advisor had the responsibility of overseeing this great venture (Hawass, 33-34). He will be discussed in more debt later. Queen Hatshepsut was portrayed as a great military leader and diplomat. I tend to believe she inherited a great standing army and advisors from her father’s/husband’s (Thutmose I II) reigns. She did not possess great military experience; but, using her feminine wiles, coupled with her better-than-average political astuteness she was able to maintain control of the army and her administration. The army had successful campaigns under her father’s rule and the queen knew they had to be pacified (once a warrior, always a warrior). What better way than to send them off on a peace time campaign to Punt (1450 B.C.E.), under the guise of expanding Egypt’s borders. Brilliant! two birds with one stone. The military brass is sated and geographically speaking, out of her hair. The military set out for the Red Sea and down its coast to the gulf of Aden; a vast exploratory venture complete with a well equipped army, a great fleet, complete with scholars and artists to record the expedition. Engaging the people of Punt (possibly Ethiopia, Somalia or further south to Zanzibar, historians are not sure), they brought Egyptian goods to trade with the natives. In return they brought home all kinds of exotic goods never the like seen in Egypt (monkeys, gemstones, all sorts of animal skins, spices, tropical plants and trees of the most exotic variety). This expedition lasted two years. While the military was away Queen Hatshepsut surely began setting her own loyal people in key political roles, and systematically purged detractors and the old guard (advisors leftover from her fathe and husband’s reigns). What a smooth way to solidify her grip on the kingship. Naturally she had her artisans and scholars record this venture to Punt in elaborate reliefs on the walls of her temple at Deir el-Bahri for all posterity. Based on the observation of people who made the journey; the Queen of Punt was portrayed as, let us say, a very plumb representative of t he female gender. This trip endeared the commoners to her for they experienced economic security; and based on the portrayal of the Queen of Punt commoners also felt a national pride in their Queen as being superior in all ways (diplomacy, military brilliance, physical beauty). Needless to say Queen Hatshepsut got considerable mileage out of this expedition for the rest of her reign (Ray, 49-52). Being queen did not exclude Hatshepsut from moral impropriety as in the relationship between her and Senenmut: the royal advisor, architect, tutor to her daughter (Nefrure), and just one of many males of the court vying for her favor. She was a widow and it is not such a stretch to think of the Pharaoh Queen seeking male companionship from time to time. In the case of Senenmut he had the ear of the queen, and being a commoner (parents died with no title to speak of) he was granted quite a few perks. He even went so far as to portray himself and the royal mistress worshipping Amon together. Even though these reliefs where hidden when doors in the temple were opened, I would venture that Hatshepsut had full knowledge of their existence. Further evidence of their possible romantic involvement surfaced some years ago. At a dig on the cliffs above Hatshepsut’s temple a drawing was uncovered showing a female pharaoh engaged in a passive amorous affront from a male figure. This type of activity by male leaders is generally accepted; but, unfortunately strong women caught in this same scenario are generally ostracized. Queen Hatshepsut died in February 1458 B.C.E. (Hawass, 34) (Ray, 57-58). It is not known whether she was forced from office, assassinated, or died of natural causes. I am sure some evidence could be found to develop a theory for any of the three. Queen Hatshepsut’s many accomplishments; feats as a diplomat, architect of some of Egypt’s most beautiful monuments, and kingship as a female pharaoh were almost completely eradicated by her nephew and co-regent Thutmose III. He did not order the defacement of her name and image until late in his reign. His late action in this regard leads me to believe that he loved his aunt but was forced to take this action to appease various political factions (Hawass, 34) (lecture notes-timeline, 3) (Ray, 58-59). Queen Hatshepsut, to coin a popular modern-day accolade, put a million cracks in the glass ceiling of Egyptian political theology during her reign. Unfortunately, her nephew king Thutmose III damn near repaired them all. She was a prolific diplomat, administrator, builder, spin doctor and feminist. The fictitious account of her birthright is a decent bit of prose. Queen Hatshepsut had no qualms whatsoever meshing reality with fiction. Her monuments and buildings like the temple at Deir el-Bahari is one of the finest ever constructed in Egypt. The expedition into Punt brought great wealth to Egypt, and cemented her fame as a diplomat. Her superb abilities as stateswoman kept Egypt’s standing army sound. Her feministic approach to kingship set her apart from other female Queens/Rulers of Egypt. I believe that fact alone led to her demise and the attempt to eradicate her accomplishments from ancient Egyptian history. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bentley, Jerry H., Ziegler, Herbert F., (2008). Traditions Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. Garasanin, Olivera (2009). Essay Assignment #1The Divine conception of Queen Hatshepsut. Garasanin, Olivera (2009). Lecture NotesAncient Egypt and Ancient Nubia. Garasanin, Olivera (2009). Lecture NotesAncient Nubia and Ancient Egypt-Timeline. Hawass, Zahi (2000). Silent Images: Women in Pharaonic Egypt. New York: Harry N. Abrams, INC. Ray, J. D. (2002). Reflections of Osiris: Lives from Ancient Egypt. New York: Oxford University Press. Research Papers on Queen Hatshepsut A Female PharaohCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionBringing Democracy to AfricaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Mind TravelHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

The Weather Underground Essay Example

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Factors that Affect the Quality of Therapeutic Relationships in Mental Dissertation

Factors that Affect the Quality of Therapeutic Relationships in Mental Health Nursing - Dissertation Example This research paper â€Å"Factors that Affect the Quality of Therapeutic Relationships in Mental Health Nursing† acknowledges the significance of developing quality relationship between a mental health patient and nurse so as to realize the desired outcome from the therapeutic relationship. Mental health nurses play a critical role in caring for people with mental illness hence the need for them to establish co-operation with such patients that would yield therapeutic solutions as guided by the nurses’ code of conduct. This nurse-patient relationship is referred to as therapeutic relationship. This study is founded on the importance of ensuring quality therapeutic relationship to achieve the desired outcome. As such, it aims at determining the factors, attributed to a service user, that influence the quality of therapeutic relationship in a mental health setting. This would be accomplished using an electronic search engine, Wiley Online Library, sourcing for articles pu blished between 2007 and 2012 in the UK setting to determine these factors. The findings would be categorised into three themes: service user’s interpersonal aspects, perception and expectations. Despite the limitation to one search engine and the geographical coverage of the candidate studies, the themes articulated in the study point out to the importance of effective communication among mental health nurses and guide on the attributes desired of such nurses. As the quality of therapeutic relationship determines the outcome posted.... ion on the themes 20 3.3 Limitation of the study 21 3.4 Implication and recommendation for future practice 22 References 23 Appendices 28 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction to therapeutic relationship in mental health nursing In the modern society, mental health has had a significant impact on health care provision. The mental disorders could be categorised as depression, psychotic illness and drug dependence (World Health Organisation 2008). It has been noted that mental illness affects the community, workmates, family and the individual as well. According to the World Health Organisation (2003), a third of the years that humans have lived with disabilities would be attributed to mental health disorders. In the UK, the prevalence of mental health nursing stands at one case in six people according to Dooher (2008). These figures indicate the importance associated with mental health in the society. Mental health nurses are charged with caring for people who have mental health ne eds both in the community and hospital setting. At times referred to as psychiatric nursing, mental health nursing is one of the branches in nursing that deals with caring for people who suffer from mental distress. According to Dooher, these nurses â€Å"help patients lead as ‘normal’ a life as possible, striving to enable the optimum potential of those they work with† (2008, p.1). There has been a shift in the mindset of nursing in mental health setting from the psychiatric point of view where the primary function involved executing the orders from the doctor and administering the prescribed treatment to an evidence-based care which is health oriented and practiced in diverse settings. This shift began in 1970 in the UK and 1960 in the US (Baker 2004; Horsfall et al. 2001). Therefore,

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