Life And Work Of Little Richard Music Essay

Life And Work Of littler Richard Music testifyFor years, people all over the world have dubbed Elvis Presley the queen of Rock N Roll. His notoriety spans throughout al close to e truly sylvan and references somewhat him can be understood in every culture. obdurate to popular belief, though, Elvis was not the originator of so human racey disputed topics in the fifties and sixties. While Elvis appealed mainly to the white crowds, Richard Wayne Penniman, similarly known as Little Richard, was performing for multicultural audiences with the same quicksilver(prenominal) music and flamboyant dance moves that do Elvis so moot so why is Elvis considered the king? Little Richard was one of the most influential and innovative artists of the rock n roll era, and did it in a time where no one else was doing anything like it. Regardless of popular belief, Little Richard is the frontmost king of rock n roll.Richard Wayne Penniman was born on celestial latitude 5th, 1932 in Macon Geor gia. He was third of twelve children in his family. He was born to Charlie and Leva Mae Penniman into the impoverished area of the city. The Penniman family was very religious, with both Richards father and grandfather working as preachers in the area. In fact, church is where his singing travel began when his parents formed a family singing group called The Penniman Singers that consisted of Richard, his parents, and his siblings. Continuing in his religion, Richard had the opportunity to experience many different types of religion and churches. His favorite was the Pentecostal church because of its fun, dancing, and music. Richard alike became a faith healer in the church so that he could place his hands on people, pray for them, and they claimed to feel founder afterward.Little Richard was influenced by many people throughout history. He was compound in many travelling performing shows such as Sugarfoot Sams external Show, Dr. Hudsons Medicine Show, and Billy Brown and his Orchestra, where he gained his compass point name, Little Richard. In this time period, he was heavily influenced by the gospel singers of the 30s and 40s, and one of the biggest impacts was made by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. When Richard was at one of her concerts in 1945, she called him on stage to sing a song with her because she had heard him singing in the foyer before the show. As she was one of his favorite singers at the time, this event had a big impact on Richards life. He was also heavily influenced by artists like Marion Williams, Mahalia Jackson, Brother Joe May, Esquerita, and Billy Wirght. Billy Wright also helped Richard force his come in the professional music career by setting him up with his first stupefy.In 1951, Little Richard signed with RCA Camden records and began to try to find his hold up without much success. He was struggling to find a sound that worked for him as an artist, and his label wanted him to sound more like other artists like Ray Charles, wh o was very popular in this time period. When Richard was out of his contract with RCA in mid 1953, he signed with Peacock Records. He was comfort having difficulties finding something that fit his personality and style. He released a record a year for four years and still didnt have a hit. In 1955, his contract was bought from Peacock Records by Specialty Records and he began working with Robert Bumps Blackwell. In a frustrating record session, just when Blackwell was almost ready to depart up on Richard and told the band to take a break, Richard jumped up on stage and started plunking out a tune on the piano that would finally become one of his most popular songs, Tutti Frutti. Richard had been playing this song on stage for years prior when he wasnt under contract and Blackwell was astonished by the fresh sound. He loved it so much that he immediately wanted Richard to record it. The only problem was that the song was not commercially acceptable as it was originally written. The label hired Dorothy La Boistre to clean up the lyrics in phrases such as, Tutti frutti, good booty to transfigure them into, Tutti Frutti, aw-rooty. The song became very popular.The success of this first hit was followed by 16 hit singles in the following three years. Little Richard was slowly but surely taking the music industry by storm. slightly other hits that were notable were Rip It Up, Long Tall fissure, Lucille, Good Golly, get away Molly, Keep A-Knocking, Girl Cant jock It, and Slippin and Slidin. Long Tall Sally was one of his most noted songs and hit number six on the RB Billboard charts. Another favorite was Girl Cant Help It because it was written for the movie with the same title starring Jane Mansfield. Richard appeared in a few movies during this time period, mainly to provide a movie soundtrack. When asked about those movies, Little Richard reports that the white executives tried to contain him and his style. He said, They didnt want me let myself go. They kept wanting me to be stiffer, telling me Heres how a black man would perform this. I said. Now how would you know that? Little Richard was a very unique person and he never stopped being himself.between 1955 and 1957, many of Little Richards popular songs were re-done by other artists including Elvis Presley, water tap Boone, and Bill Haley. His popularity as an artist was growing and his fan base was incessantly growing and becoming more diversified. Elvis Presley and Pat Boone both hold out Tutti Frutti. Boones version outdid Little Richards when it came to record sales. Almost directly after, Boone did a cover of Long Tall Sally, presumably expecting the same results. This time, however, Little Richards original recording got better reviews and peaked higher on Billboards pop charts. The same was straightforward when Presley and Bill Haley each released a version of Rip It Up and incomplete gained the reaction that Little Richard did.Little Richard was not only a spot mode l for the sound of many of the pioneers of rock n roll, he was an advocator for controversial issues of the time period. Little Richards concerts were known mainly for their tendency to get extremely out of control due to his outrageous personality and transaction style. He made history at a concert in Baltimore, Maryland when there were reports of police having to restrain people from jumping dark balconies, and the show had to be stopped twice so that police could study screaming fans from the stage. The fans that got onstage were attempting to gain souvenirs from Richard by ripping them off his body. It also goes down in history as being one of the first concerts where ladies ever threw their undergarments onstage for the artists.With this type of concert response, its no wonder Richard was caught up in constant parties and questionable acts throughout the mid 1950s.

Asbestos In Buildings: Types and Health Effects

Asbestos In Buildings Types and Health EffectsAsbestos in grammatical winds current sideIntroductionAsbestos has been engagementd for much than 2,000 old age. It was named by the Ancient Greeks, its name heart inextinguishable. Even consequently the Greeks noted the prejudicious affects of asbestos, as they noticed the slaves that wove the asbestos into framework form had arrested respiratory problems after studying their lungs. (asbestosresource)The asbestos t lovingnessrical roles f each into 2 pillow slips, amphiboles and serpentines. The blue and brown asbestos fibres f completely(a) into the amphibole crowd. They fall into this group be build they atomic come in 18 compounds of metallic element silicates which consist of short and sharp fibres. For this reason they turn over the ability of watch inside the humane physical social structure for long arrests of time. Also for this reason this group of asbestos is much dangerous than the white fibred asbesto s. (asbestoswatchdog) straight off asbestos is a general bourne that is given to numerous naturally slide byring silicate minerals. in that respect atomic number 18 six forms of asbestos the triple that be not truly crude ar cognise as actinolite, anthophyllite, and tremolite. Amongst the six naturally occurring minerals in that location be leash main forms of asbestos which ar known as Chrysotile, Crocidolite and Amosite. Otherwise they ar known in the identical order as white, blue and brown. In 1999 The Asbestos Prohibition Regulations banned the affair of all new forms of this hearty.There has been a gradual decline in the use of asbestos from the early 1960s. Even though a highschool number of buildings have had the asbestos removed and past replaced with a more(prenominal) than suitable actual, on that point is still a truly high number of buildings that still maintain asbestos and close of it is has lodgeed undetected. (Eclipsescientific)Asbestos has m each properties and for this reason it was widely employ.StrengthIncombustibilityUse as a binding agentResistance to high temperaturesResistance to galvanic currentResistance to acids and alkalisAbsorbs sound (Asbestos-answers)It gutter be seen very intelligibly why asbestos was apply on much(prenominal) a wide scale, smell at the properties it seemed to be the solitary(prenominal) material that had such(prenominal) a florilegium and was likewise avai science lable on a broad scale.Asbestos possesses unique fictile strength and move aroundibility from its fibres and it is for this reason that it was employ in the first-year place. These fibres are excessively refined to be seen by the naked eye. The ability of the asbestos fibres to flex allows them to be woven, though it is harder to weave the amphibole group collect(p) to on that point rigidity. On the early(a) hand the serpentine group was utilize more due to its flexibility.There is no simple test t o recognize the several(predicate) types of fibres, and this judicial decision postnot be do on colour al matchless, only if it requires a lab test to find appear which type of asbestos it is that they are dealing with. more(prenominal) forget be discussed on how the tests are carried come to the fore and the types of samples that are utilize later on in this use up-up.All these forms of asbestos are known to be very dangerous to human health and sack work ailmentes to which thither is no cure. The way the asbestos enters the body is finished the inhalation of the fibres, these fibres past rest in the lower collapse of the lungs where they hindquarters lay for numerous years. These fibres cannot be absorbed through the skin. Due to the size of the fibres they can only be seen through a microscope, and in that location size to a fault allows them to penetrate stocky into the lungs, this can cause respiratory diseases or tightly types of crabmeat.The principa l asbestos related to diseases are that of asbestosis (fibrosis) scarring of the lungs mesothelioma a malignant neoplastic disease of the inner lining of the chest beleaguer or abdominal cavity lung cancer and diffuse pleural broadening(a) a non-malignant disease in which the lining of the lung (pleura) becomes scarred. (13/11/07, healthandsafetytips)The types of asbestos removeing materials demonstrate in domestic properties are presumable to be in ducts, access decorates, chapiter tiles, partitions and so on These if still existing in domestic buildings will be found 1960s and 1970s built housing. Most of the materials containing asbestos look similar to those materials that do not contain asbestos. If the materials that contain asbestos are in trusty build they can be left in place and managed, however if they are shamed dangerous fibres can be emerged which have to be removed only by an approved contractor. Asbestos creation a very hazardous material only beco mes dangerous when it is airborne and the fibres are inhaled.Today the types of commercial buildings that asbestos whitethorn still remain in are the mavins that were refurbished in between 1950 and 1980 as this was the peak time that the asbestos was used in buildings. What will make it more likely for the building to contain asbestos is if the building had a steel frame and contained boilers with caloric insulation. Asbestos wasnt only used in sheet form and as an insulation but to a fault as asbestos cementum which was used to cover walls etc. The asbestos was withal used in the buildings in the form of a spray which was mixed with hydrated asbestos cement this was then sprayed on to m whatsoever of the structural and non-structural subdivisions, so the majority of the building whitethorn contain asbestos in unrivaled form or an early(a). (HSE) overtime the members and materials coated with asbestos spray may break down due to fail and tear this will gradually release asbes tos fibres into the air which due to their non macroscopic fibres could be inhaled on that pointfore cause health problems.Before work is started on a building all asbestos containing material cement, plaster overboards etc essential be identify. any(prenominal) work carried fall out(a) on asbestos containing material essential(prenominal)iness be carried out by a HSE licensed contractor. (sutton.gov.uk)Asbestos2.1 TypesAs mentioned in the introduction to this report there are six forms of asbestos chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite. Of these six there are the three main forms of asbestos which are amosite (brown), chrysotile (white) and crocidolite (blue). The colours of these types of asbestos are not visible to the human eye, so all the asbestos should be treated as equally hazardous.Chrysotile or better known as white asbestos is obtained from rocks known as serpentines. This is the only type of asbestos that belong to this ro ck group. These rocks are found commonaltyly through out the world. This type of asbestos is the only one out of the others which has curly malleable fibres as opposed to the other types of fibres which are straight, sharp like a needle and some are even brittle. This is as well the most common type of asbestos as it accounts for about 90% of all the asbestos consumed across the world, when compared to the other types. This is still the most commonly mined form of asbestos till today. (phhenv)This fibre is known to do the least number of misemploy to the lungs. This fibrous material is composed of 40% silica and 40% milligram, though these fibres have a good heat resistivity they can be exterminateed by acids. Chrysotile has fibres which have a layered silicate structure. These layers can be regarded as made up from silicon atoms and each of these atoms is surrounded by four oxygen atoms at the corners which creates an around fixedness tetrahedron. Then there are the magn esium atoms, of them each are surrounded by six oxygen atoms which creates an nigh regular octahedron. These two are linked by the sharing of there basal oxygen atoms which then forms a continuous layer.Amosite asbestos is a part of the amphiboles rock group this is mainly used as a burn retardant material within thermal insulation material such as ceiling tiles. This brown asbestos is typically used in insulating materials. The crystals in this type of asbestos straggle and they can be flat prisms, brittle grains or long thin threads. The threads are commonly found in naturally occurring bundles.The longer and thinner fibres of amosite are rather flexible and curl to form wide arches. These long wide arches of amosite fibres then break into peanut groups that consequence in sharp needle like fibres. The ends of the fibres are unconditional and do not have tattered or split ends, this is one of the main characteristics that helps differentiate amosite from chrysotile asbestos fibres. Broken bundles too are frequently found and resemble broom tails in appearance. Remains of the crystal fibres can be recognized in some building resources that were manufactured with amosite. (davidcole)Crocidolite asbestos is one of the five types of amphibole asbestos this means the fibres in Crocidolite are made up of mineral crystals that look like chains. Crocidolite is often called blue asbestos, and occurs naturally in Australia, entropy Africa, Russia and Canada.Crocidolite was the least types of asbestos used in commercial products. Crocidolite fibres usually bear a resemblance to chrysotile fibres but they are vaguely more brittle. This form of asbestos is harder than any other member in the amphibole family. This is also one of the most carcinogenic fibres as it induces the release of reactive oxygen species from phagocyte carrells ( jail cellular phones that dive and destroy invading organisms). This in turn damages the cells deoxyribonucleic acid and as al l cells are programmed to die after a certain tally of time, the disgraced DNA changes that and therefore the cell will reproduce uncontrollably. This will ultimately result in malignancy and show the result of the carcinogenic properties of asbestos fibres. (carcin.oxfordjournals)The coetaneous use of asbestos dates from the late 1800s where great amounts of asbestos deposits were discovered in Canada. bluntly after this discovery commercial asbestos mine was opened in Russia. Since then the two former mentioned countries have been the main worldwide producers of chrysotile. There is no asbestos mined in the UK and the largest asbestos producer in the world is Russia. The main sources of asbestos that are imported into the UK are from Canada and South Africa.It can be seen that Russia has been the largest producer of the most commonly used form of asbestos (Chrysotile). Whereas South Africa has been the bittyest producer of white asbestos. These action values have dropped si nce the ban of asbestos around Europe, hence the amounts of asbestos used has declined.tonnes. It also indicates the amount of asbestos that the States has been using since the 1940s. It can clearly be seen that America was the largest consumer of asbestos until the 1970s when the use of asbestos started to decline. By 1999 the worldwide production of asbestos had also declined by more than a half since 1990. This signifies that around the 1990s asbestos had started become disallow around the worlds largest consumers hence the overall consumption of asbestos was rapidly reduced.2.3 ProcessedAsbestos is touch on through a milling procedure, where the useful fibres are single outd from the non-useful materials within the asbestos rock. When the fibres are separated they become shorter and also split lengthwise due to their crystalline structure. Many of the fibres that result from the milling process are too small to see with the naked eye. The fibres that are milled are pass judg ment by a machine as they pass through it they are caught in a sieve and then measured. This process may vary from mine to mine. There are galore(postnominal) different grades of fibres that are used in the construction in junkry but the focal point is on those fibres that are in the respirable range, as it is these fibres that have the size and shape which can cause damage to human health by penetrating into the deepness of the lungs, and this is where they will remain for long periods of time. (Asbestos from rock to fabric, 1956)2.4 Uses in constructionThe first use of asbestos for construction purposes was in 1890 in the form of fireproof roof materials. Later on in the next 10 years on from 1890 the use of asbestos expanded to engine gaskets and boiler insulation, it can be seen that the heat resistance properties of asbestos were beingness exploited for commercial use. Then from the early 1900s the use of asbestos expanded to building insulation and in the 1930s this had dr awn-out to a cement bonding agent. Indicating that asbestos had become a highly seek after material. Up to date it has been count ond that asbestos may be a factor of more than 3,000 types of construction materials (Hess, 1998).According to figures from the asbestos report from the committee, out of 143 000 tonnes of asbestos that was imported into the UK in 1976, roughly about 42 900 tonnes were used to manufacture construction products such as cladding sheets and roof tiles (Stationery Office, 1979).Due to the high heat resistance of asbestos it was mainly used in the construction for fire protection, i.e. to separate rooms. It can also be mixed with cement and used as a spray, which is then sprayed onto articles within a structure. Due to its high-quality weather resistance it was used on a large scale on roof sheets, pipes and guttering.(Harrogateaccommodationservice)There were many materials manufactured for construction purposes. They are as embracesFor the roofs of the bu ildings there were many different materials used, the main materials contained asbestos bonding. Cement roof slates, cladding and roofing sheets all contained asbestos bonding in the form of cement. The former three materials were all designed to be strong as they will face different temperatures and weathering. The cabal of asbestos and cement made it very hard for these materials to release fibres, unless they were heavily damaged, bore or cut using other machinery.As mentioned in a higher place the roofing asbestos products were made to be very strong so therefore they are of low guess when it comes to releasing fibres and danger to human health compared to those asbestos products used on the inside of the building.The flooring in buildings that were constructed with ACMs may also contain asbestos. This can be in the form of 99 inches thick floor tiles which were used in the early stages of ACMs becoming popular. The tiles also come in the 1212 inches size which is the more co mmon size used for floor tiles today. Linoleum floor sheeting is also another type of asbestos containing material that was used for floors of kitchens and bathrooms but was most commonly used in commercial buildings such as hospitals and school corridors. In addition mastic tree glue was used to stick the linoleum and tiles to the floor may have also contained asbestos. Like every asbestos product it should be assumed that these products contain asbestos until proven otherwise by microscopic identification (Sandro A, p68). The illustration preceding(prenominal) shows typical asbestos linoleum floor sheeting and asbestos containing wall tiles which could also be used for the floor. insulating material was another material used in construction that contained asbestos namely crocidolite. This was used to line the attic of a building and in some brasss to line fireplaces and pipes. Asbestos is chemically lifeless hence it has excellent thermal and electrical insulation properties an d this is the reason for its use as insulation (Fillmore. W, Galaty, Wellington. J, 2002). It must be noted that asbestos was almost always bonded with other materials that were already being used for a certain job i.e. roof tiles, cladding etc. All the asbestos did is improve the properties of these materials making them more durable, heat resistant and firing retardant.Acoustic ceiling materials were used to reduce the amount of sound actuate between the floors of a building. The asbestos was used as a spray which was apply to the ceiling this was mainly to save money from having to plaster the ceiling. The asbestos was bonded with ceiling keystone and appliedCarcinogenic agents are those that can influence the carcinogenic instruction either by mutating vital target genes or by escalating the amount of cells at threat from mutations.Cyto catching and molecular studies of asbestos-related cancers indicate that inactivation or loss of multiple tumor suppressor genes occurs dur ing lung cancer development. Aneuploidy and other chromosomal changes induced by asbestos fibers may be withdrawd in genetic alterations in asbestos-related cancers. (Pubmedcentral)Furthermore, asbestos fibers may influence the carcinogenic process by generate cells to rapidly multiply and produce new cells or tissues, free radicals, or other promotional mechanisms. This indicates that asbestos fibers may act at numerous stages of the carcinogenic process by both genetic and epigenetic (changes the physical characteristics of an organism) mechanisms. The ability of the asbestos to remain in the lungs and body is undoubtedly important in fibre carcinogenicity. On the other hand, the time necessary for a fibre to remain in the lung to put forth a cancer-related effect is tricky to state. (Pubmedcentral)Studies of how health-related conditions occur in specific populations show that the amphiboles and chrysotile can increase the lay on the line of lung cancer. The carcinogenicity of chrysotile has been recognised for some time by international bodies,This carcinogenicity was confirmed by the experts consulted by the panel with respect to both lung cancers and mesotheliomaswe therefore consider that we have sufficient facts that there is in fact serious carcinogenic risk associated with the inhalation of chrysotile fibres (epa.gov)The above statement indicates that chrysotile has the carcinogenic ability to be able to cause cancer if people are exposed to airborne fibres. (Mesotheliomareference)Details of exactly how asbestos fibres cause malignancy in cells is still largely unknown. Although there is a deficiency of information of how the malignancy occurs in the cells from these fibres the elementals of how these mechanisms occur is known. It is not unmixed if the asbestos fibres cause malignancy by encouraging the cells by direct dealing or by the toxic materials that are released by the fibres which will finally cause cancer. The fibres will first cau se local irritation and fervidness to the neighbouring tissue, where they will get lodged afterwards. The inflammation and irritation causes the body to release chemicals, these chemicals cause changes in the cells and the interaction with the asbestos fibres and other factors which are largely unknown, will at long last cause the cell to continue onto a malignant change. (medicineworld.org)The human body has different sets of genes for suppuration promotion and growth suppression. In a regular healthy state the genes that promote growth and genes that suppresses the growth are in good synchronization, so that the cell growth and cell division occur only when it is needed. These growths related genes are susceptible to and can get damaged by internal or external factors. Therefore if a growth suppressing gene is damaged the mechanism that controls the suppressing and unwanted growth might be lost.Alternatively if damage occurs in the growth promoting genes, they might lose their mental ability to endorse cell growth, but some types of damage can real increase the growth promoting ability of these types of genes. The result of this type of damage to the cell genes is that it no longer pays attention to the commands of the tumour suppressor genes and continues to multiply. Each cell is programmed to expire after definite number of cell divisions. Due to the damage this programmed cell death does not take place, in turn causing the cell to multiply without any control making the cell almost immortal. This ability to multiply without control and the immortality factor rapidly increases the chances of the cell to develop into cancer.The asbestos fibre will damage the genes of the cells and causing genetic changes in a cell which is programmed to perform a certain task will almost definitely cause more harm then good, and in this case it can lead to cancer. So asbestos does have a level of carcinogenicity, but the factors that this depends on are varying i.e. l ength of flick, type of asbestos exposed to. (Environmental Toxicants mankind Exposure and Their Health Effects, 2000)3.1 Fibre types and Health affects.3.1.1 Which is worstCurrently there is no strong evidence that supports which type of fibre is the most harmful to the human body. It is stated that chrysotile is the least harmful and that amosite is the most harmful as it has the highest link to lung and respiratory cancers and conditions.3.1.2 Why is the worst3.1.3 IllnessesMesothelioma is a cancer of the mesothelium this is a thin membrane which lines the chest, abdomen and the organs that surround this battleground. This type of cancer is usually associated with Crocidolite, but it can also be caused by other types of asbestos as tumefy. The cancer can develop even after very little exposure to asbestos fibres, and can take up to 15 years to develop. This is known as the latent period and in some cases it has known to take up to 40 years before it develops. It is also theory that this type of cancer may be related to other malignancies than in effect(p) asbestos. As with all the types of asbestos cancers smoking can cause the cancer to rush along up.Lung Cancer from asbestos exposure can take two common forms the small cell lung cancer which is as stated by its title a cancer where the cells are small and round. Alternatively theres the non small cell lung cancer, this is where the cancer cells are larger. Out of these two types of lung cancers the small cell lung cancer accounts as the main from by having a cancer apprisal of 80%, where as large cell lung cancer only accounts for 20% out of the two types.Asbestosis is the progressive scarring of the lungs this is due to continuous exposure to asbestos fibres. This illness may take years before it is noticed but the common signs of asbestosis also mimic those of other respiratory problems. The most common symptoms of asbestosis are breathlessness and dry coughs, but these can easily be at sea with other problems. The asbestos fibres continuously irritate the lung surface causing it to scar and eventually leading to the thickening of the lung surface.Diffuse pleural Thickening Benign Pleural Effusion Benign Pleural Plaques Rounded atelectasis or folded lung Mesothelioma (asbestosawarenesswales)3.1.4 Occupational exposureElectricians and construction labourers are one of the most common workers who have a higher chance of being exposed to asbestos. They are more likely to come across ACMs as they work around the area of ACMs, electricians work in lofts or re wire buildings where they have to misplace some of the materials. These materials may contain asbestos and therefore release fibres that can be inhaled and eventually cause disease. Construction workers when carrying out demolition on a building are at a very high risk of disturbing large amounts of asbestos fibres and therefore increase the amount they inhale. These two occupations may come across asbestos more oft en than any other occupations. (lhc.org)Insulation workers and Laggers who apply insulation materials can also be at high risk of asbestos exposure, this is because they have to disturb walls and sometimes have to work near the roof of the building and these are the most common areas that asbestos rest in buildings. This is because asbestos was used in the spray form to help strengthen plaster boards and cement products and if any of these are disturbed then they will release asbestos fibres. This will expose the workers to high amounts of asbestos as these areas are not well ventilated and therefore they will be breathing in more fibres. (Asbestosawarenesswales)Carpenters, Plumbers and pipe-fitters are also at risk from asbestos exposure because they have to exercise through walls to carry out there duties and the drilling will change any asbestos fibres and therefore may cause exposure to asbestos.The asbestos disease are all caused due to the asbestos fibres causing damage to t he body in one form or another, either by damaging the cells at DNA level or damaging the tissue as a whole. These fibres are very sharp when examined down the stairs a microscope. It is this sharpness that causes the damage and also the ability of the human body to remove the asbestos fibres, as the cells try to engulf the fibres to destroy them, which is a near impossible task to do they and up being damaged in return. (asbestos.net)All of the above occupations and many more are at risk from asbestos exposure and the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006 makes sure than any building that is suspect to contain asbestos records it in an asbestos register and this register is shown to anyone who peradventure carrying out work on the site. The regulations will be discussed in more detail during the course of this report.4. Remains/Assessments4.1 Types of buildingMost asbestos will be remaining in buildings that were built, refurbished or repaired between 1950 and 1980, as this was the peak period were asbestos was used in building materials in the United Kingdom. The amount that remains in buildings is very hard to determine or even estimate as it will be a very time overpowering job. All the relevant data that is needed to even make an love cannot be found in one place. There are many estimated and approximated figures for the amount of buildings within the UK which contain ACMs. Most of the information is based on commercial and non-domestic properties.Any buildings that were constructed before the year 2000 is assumed to contain asbestos unless there is strong evidence pointing otherwise. The reason for this is because the final ban on asbestos was bought in during the year 1999. This is also the basis of the estimation for the current status of asbestos in the UK, as the year 2000 was considered the year where all new asbestos building materials were completely banned in the UK.4.1.1 Commercial/DomesticWhile there are no dependable figures, it is appr oximated that there are still thousands of tonnes of asbestos remaining in buildings. As many as 750,000 non-domestic premises may contain asbestos. (rgeurope)Others presidency bodies suggest that It is estimated half a million commercial premises may contain asbestos (amsscotland). So the estimated number of commercial buildings that may contain ACMs is around the half million figure. This figure is estimated by adding up of all the non-domestic properties such as offices, schools, factories and hospitals that were built before the year 2000.5. Surveys5.1 How inspect carried outAfter an extensive search three types of suss outs have been identified.Type 1 Walk Through SurveyThe first go off that is carried out is a presumptive quite a little. This survey does not involve any sample winning rather it involves identifying all areas and locations which may have asbestos containing materials (ACMs) by a optic inspection. From this survey the condition of the ACMs are noted and there locations this is for the purpose of benefiting the soul that may be carrying out work on a structure or occupying it. This is because any suspected materials have to be treated as asbestos containing materials unless there is a guarantee that the materials do not contain any asbestos. This confidence can only be reassured if the materials are glass, wood or metal. It must also be made sure that these materials that do not contain asbestos are not hiding any materials that do i.e. wooden joist hiding an asbestos ceiling tile etc. (Bridgend)Type 2 Sampling SurveyThis survey is that same as the first survey in all aspects except that samples are collected from some suspected materials and then these samples are sent off for analysis to a lab which will most likely use a microscope to identify the fibres. The sample distribution can be carried out at the same time as the survey and each suspected material is sampled. Unlike the first survey which can be carried out by an in ho use member this survey can only be carried out by a qualified and trained professional. (Bridgend)Type 3 Pre-Demolition/Refurbishment SurveyThis survey is carried out to gain full access to all ACMs and it may involve destructive inspection. This is a must if a building is going to be demolished because if the ACMs are not removed then the dangerous asbestos dust can be released into the air which can cause health problems on a large scale. This also helps to identify all areas with ACMs so they can be removed before a major refurbishment and replaced with more suitable materials. Therefore this survey is deemed necessary if work is going to be carried out on a large scale, so the current condition of any ACMs is established. As above this survey should only be carried out by a trained and qualified professional. (Ac-environmental-services)5.2 How to take samples of suspected materialTaking samples of suspected materials depends on the type of survey that is carried out. If there w ere materials that are suspected of containing asbestos during a type 1 walkthrough survey then no samples will need to be interpreted, this is because they will honorable be identified and there location noted. Whereas if type 2 or 3 surveys were carried out then the samples taken could be of thumbnail size or they could be larger. It should be noted that these samples will be identified as ACMs under a microscope so there is a limit to the size that a sample can be. Samples from each suspected ACM are collected and analysed to corroborate or contradict the surveyors judgement. Sampling may take place with the survey or, in the case of some larger surveys, as a separate exercise following completion of a Type 1 survey.5.3 Procedures and Precautions takenThe procedures for taking samples are that first a site survey must be carried out in the form of risk assessment. Any risk found in the assessment will form the procedure to follow when taking samples. The main and foremost part of the procedures is that anyone taking samples must make sure that any disturbance of suspected ACMs is kept to the mere(a) minimum. This is because it will reduce the amount of fibres that are released. The person taking the samples must take into account that the premises may be occupied and the negligible disruption is caused to the clients daily operations. There may also be employees or tenants on site and all precaution must be taken to protect their health and safety. (HSE)The sampling personnel must also make sure that the adequate personal protection equipment is fatigued while carrying out this delicate procedure, as they are the ones closest to being exposed to the asbestos. They must make sure that the bare minimum that they use is disposable overalls, over shoes and a respirator. There may also be other equipment used but this depends on the risk assessments determination for example if the risk assessment found that there was asbestos that has been disturbed then air extraction may have to be used to taking into custody the fibres spreading but if there is just suspected ACMs then basic equipment mentioned can be used. (HSE)There are different respirators for different types of ACMs, which ever was identified in the risk assessment. The main precaution just before taking samples is to wet the suspected ACM to make sure that the amount of fibres released is minimal. The sample area can be wetted by using basic waster or a wetting agent. Wetting can be done in different ways for different materials, for boards and sheets the water or wetting agent can be sprayed directly on to the surface, as t

Strategic Personnel Considerations Human Resources

strategical Personnel Considerations Human ResourcesIntroductionThis report critic tot all toldyy analysis all the issues affect the administration to enter into an inter bailiwick commercialize. M some(prenominal) companies like watch over Gamble, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, MS, Tesco atomic number 18 touching towards the global securities industry place beca drop revenue maximization. IHRM is an integral digress of the Human resource steering. Human Resource Management (HRM), is the process of policies and pr motivateices which mingled in carrying out the tribe or human resource aspects of a concern position which intromits recruiting, screening, educate, rewarding and appraising, (Dessler, 2008).When companies argon operating(a) their argumentationes out of the field boundaries than it is becomes the multi home(a) enterprises. Multinational companies be the firms that argon headquartered in wholeness area but have operations in unrivaled or more than other countries, (Rugman, et al., 2009, p.7). Some of the major multinational companies are Wal-Mart (US), BP (UK), Exxon Mobil (US), General Motors (US) or Toyota (Japan).The reasons for going in the planetaryist market are to create an frugal integration and increase the market share and companies are utilise assorted global entry methods like mergers or acquisitions, joint-ventures, franchising to raise the warring advantages in the outside(a) market. However, in that location are nearly challenges in the external market such as the heathenish struggles, renewing in the work side or the pressures from the rules and regulations of the government and the trade unions. transnational HRM deals with all of these issues regarding the management of human gravid in an internationalisticist context. International HRM is the process of selecting, training and developing and compensating violence in overseas positions, (Rugman, et al., 2009, p. 354). There are close to challenging facto rs in the global work environment such as cultural salmagundi at the work define and thats why the salary practices may vary from one republic to another and employment laws and regulations will be differ from one ground to another as well.The strategic business office of HRM in an international context will also be various than in the municipal firms. The strategic role of HRM is complex enough in a purely domestic firm, but is more complex in an international market, where ambiguous differences mingled with countries in roil market, enculturation, healthy governances, economic systems and the complicate staffing, management and development, fulfilance evaluation and compensation activities, (Hill, 2009, p.626)The main approaches to IHRM hindquarters be ethnocentric, polycentric or geocentric depending on the nature of the country and its cultural background. In an ethnocentric approach there is a belief that ones own way of doing things is spiffing to that of other s and it buttocks be a major challenge for the IHRM. Ethnocentrism can be a major challenge for international HRM and these challenges include recognising differences, combining the advantages from incompatible styles and approaches, adjusting and adapting to succeed with various people in variant partnerships in different markets, (Rugman, et al., p. 134). In an ethnocentric firm, the top management will dominate the employees workingss for the organisation. Ethnocentric firms are where top management is dominated by space-country nationals and procedures and management styles that are transferred from the head office and oblige on regional subsidiaries in place of topical anesthetic ways of doing things, (Rugman, et al., 2009, p.147).On the other hand, the polycentric firms are facial expression at likes a semi-autonomous organisation where restriction will put in some of the departments and other departments may not be venture up ones mindd by restricted rules. This act like a federation of semi-autonomous organisations with financial controls or strict account structures holding them together and subsidiaries are able to reflect the local cultural norms, and headquarters appreciates the need for different organisations designs, procedural norms, reward systems etc. as retentive as profits flow to the centre, (Collinson, et al., 2009, p. 147).Furthermore, the geocentric organisations are seen to be an predilectionl, collaborative and meritocratic form of global organisation for example, Unilever. It includes an equal manduction of power and responsibility between headquarters and subsidiary, senior management promoted h offsetonize to the ability rather than nationality and subsidiaries that share worldwide objectives with handlers focusing beyond national market interests, (Collinson, et al., 2009, p. 147).Furthermore, it is required to have a business dodge when operating in the international market. The role of IHRM is to fulfil the obj ective of the business train strategy and fulfil the corporate strategy. Corporate strategy is touch on with the boilers suit purpose and scope of the business to meet stakeholder appearations. This is a crucial level since it is heavily influenced by investors in the business and acts to guide strategic decision-making end-to-end the business. Corporate strategy is often stated explicitly in a mission statement, (Johnson, et al., 2008)The objective of this report is to identify the different issues which are affecting in the international HRM and the ways of overcoming the challenges of IHRM. This report critically analysis and evaluates all the factors related to the IHRM in an international context.Main BodyPreviously people management was related to the managing people inside the organisation but they never treated as resources. Human resource policies should be integrated with the strategic business planning because strategic HRM is emphasizing the integration of the HR po licies with both one another with the business planning, (Keith Sisson, 1990).There is a strategic consequence of the HRM in the international market. Strategic HRM thinks people as most substantial asset and it deals with the improvement of human resources. People are the most most-valuable asset and the people management is the responsibility of eachone and far too eventful to be left to somebodynel charabancs. It follows that HRM needs to be owned by line managers and by senior managers and by implication is too big to be left to personnel managers, (Guest, 1991). HR managers need to implement the policies strategically in order to manage their people and to gain the militant advantages.International nurture and DevelopmentTraining and development is an alpha aspect of IHRM. Training means the process of teaching new employees the basic skills they need to perform their jobs, (Dessler, 2008, p-294). The difference between the local training and development and the intern ational training and development is to get more experiences from the international market. Many companies like IBM, Microsoft are sending their in different counties to get the international knowledge and experiences.Challenges of IHRMThe challenges of HRM include the standardisation and adaptation of work practices of different countries.HRM in the host country context standardisation and adaption of work practices such as IHRM are using some of the strategies of making the standardisation such as language training, cultural adaptation and private-enterprise(a) compensation. One of the major aspects of IHRM is the adaptability which is an individuals ability to adapt a cultural change. It is important for the HR managers to adapt along with the different horticultures if they demand to run their business in an international context.The degree of integration of policies at bottom the local country such as the degree of integration of policies within the local country will depend on the self-reliance, age, experience and information and health and family status.HRM implications of language standardisation like there are some HRM implications of language standardisation of HRM by the local companies by language learning. acquire the local language can be boosterful because it will abet the managers to learn and recognize the languages of the colleagues and help to increase the performance of the organisation.Integration between IHRM Strategy and Business StrategyIt is important to maintain the integration between the IHRM strategies with the business strategy. There are some strategies which will help to kick in an adjustment between the IHRM and the business strategy such as the vicissitude strategies. Transition strategies are designed to help smooth movement from contrasted to domestic assignments, (Rugman, et al., 2009, p. 358). Some of the other strategies which are affecting the IHRM are the quest-Repatriation agreement This agreement will tel l how long a person will stay in an overseas place. It is an agreement that spells out how long a person will be posted overseas and sets for the image of job that will be given to the person upon returning, (Rugman, et al., 2009, p. 358).Rent or maintain the expatriates home during the overseas tour under this agreement the partnership can reduce the financial burden for the managers who went for a particular place over a tree-year to four-year plans. Both Union Carbide and the Aluminum Company of the States have such arrangements which is used to reduce to financial burden, (Rugman, et al., p. 359).Assign a senior executive as a sponsor for every manager posted abroad some of the companies put some senior executives when every manager went to visit in different places. This ensures that there is someone miening after each expatriate and ensuring that his or her performance, compensation and career rail are on track. When the expatriate is schedule to return home, the sponsor b egins working internally to ensure a suitable position, (Rugman, et al., 2009, p. 359). Many companies like IBM and Carbide use this form of the mentoring process.Maintaining the on-going communications with expatriate managers this strategy will ensure and permit the managers know what is incident in the home country. it will ensure that what is happening in the local office and if they are scheduled to be home on leave for any extended period of snip, the company kit and caboodle them into projects at headquarters and in this way they can maintain their visibleness at headquarters and increase the likelihood that are viewed as secureness members of the management staff rather than the outsiders, (Rugman, et al., 2009, p. 359)The come to of IHRM effects on cultureCulture is a major aspect of International HRM where there are some challenges in the cultural diversity in the work. Corporate culture is the shared values, traditions, customs, philosophy and policies of a corpor ation also the professional air that grows from this and affects behaviour and performance, (Rugman, et al., p. 132).Managing the cross culture arises from the international market situation where the managers from the international patent company need to understand the local employees from the host country and it may require different organisations structure and HRM procedures.Because of globalisation there is an impact of cultural diversity in the work place. People from different countries are working together or they are moving from one place to another place more easily because of this globalisation. To manage this cultural diversity HR managers can use Hofstedes cultural dimension in the national cultures such as the following-Power distance The cultural differences can be understood by the cultural difference among the two countries. This refers to the consummation to which people in a particular culture accept and expect that power in institutions and organisations is, and should be distributed unequally, (Edwards Rees, 2010).Uncertainty avoidance Another important element of understanding the cultural differences is the uncertainty avoidance. This indicates the extent to which people in a culture feel nervous or threatened by uncertainty and ambiguity and hence create institutions and rules to try to avoid them, (Edward Rees, 2010) individuality/collectivism It will determine the nature of the culture in any particular country. In an individual culture people tend to look after their own interests and those of their immediate family, whereas in collectivist culture there is a tighter social framework in which each person value the group to which he or she belongs, (Edward Rees, 2010)Masculinity/femininity Depending on the masculinity or femininity structure the culture will be different. In a masculine culture the dominant values are say to be ambition, assertiveness, performance and the acquisition of money and material objects, where as in a so-called feminine culture values such as the quality of life, maintaining personal dealinghips and care for the weak and the environment are emphasized, (Edward Rees, 2010). epoch orientation Finally, the time orientation will determine the cultural influences in any country. originally termed as confusion dynamism and this is related to the time horizons that people in different cultures are oriented towards with some expression several years ahead in declining upon particular courses of action whilst others are more generated to the shorter term, (Edward Rees, 2010)It is important to understand the cultural diversity at the workplace and manage them accordingly and Hofstedes cultural dimension will help the HRM manager to make the decisions. The plan of an expatriate can help the international scheme to expand their market operations in different countries and to gain the competitive advantages. An expatriate (in abbreviated form, expat) is a person temporarily or permanen tly residing in a country and culture other than that of the persons upbringing or legal residence, (Mercer, 1996). The role of an expatriate is to change the shape of the cultural influence by living on that particular place.Resourcing Strategy in IHRMResourcing strategy in IHRM deals with the all the issues related to the management of human resources. It considers the consequences of international cultures on employee performance and welfare and explores the consequences (such as diversity issues) of the various employee resourcing options, for example hiring local staff vs. international appointments. It also examines training and development in an international environment and the complexities of multinational reward management practice, (www.koganpage.com, 2010). Understanding the resourcing strategy can help to gain the competitive advantages in the international market.Recruitment of dig up MarketOne of the major challenges for the multinational companies is the varying dem and of the organised demand of the dig around the world. Because of national differences the nature of economic, political and legal systems can create a variety of labour relations systems and strategy. In managing labour relations the most multinational companies use a conclave of centralization and decentralization with some decision being do on headquarters and others being handled by the mangers on site, (Colinson, et al., 2009, p. 366). For example, US companies are use more centralized management control and close reporting system and UK and EU companies are more decentralized and less control on the reporting system and flexible management control.Understanding the labour market is an important aspect of the IHRM and companies need to consider the labour market relations with the companys goals and objectives. Labour relations practices vary widely in the international arena, for example, union-management relations and industry democracy approaches are different througho ut the Europe and these dramatically differ from those in Japan, (Rugman, et al., 2009, p. 377)Labour market can support the international organisations by decreasing the labour costs because in some countries the labour costs are lower than the other countries and it will help to gain the competitive advantages as well. A strong relationship between the labour market and the international organisation will help to gain the competitive advantages in the global market.LegislationUnderstanding the labour legislation in the international market is required to make an effective IHRM activities, in an international market such as labour laws, rules and regulations from the labour union imposed in any particular countries, compensation and payment activities based on the international laws and regulation etc.According the porters generic strategies the IHM can make the profit either by cost leadership or a differentiation strategy.Cultural awarenessOne of the major aspects of Internationa l HRM is to understand the cultural differences in different countries such as the cultural difference and the cross-culture influences among the people living on those places. IHRM should take a lead in the development of organisations intercultural competence as well as in managing groups and teams, (Tung, 2008). The emergence concern about the cross cultural activities includes the awareness of culture by learning making a suitable multicultural environment where people from different cultural background will work together as a cross-cultural perspective.Political dimensionBecause of globalisation companies are moving towards the global business environment because of revenue generation and expansion of market share in the emerging market. The political dimensions towards the international markets are growth but there are some risks associated with the international business. The different political risks are affecting the firms such as political philosophies in different count ries made by the local government, social unrest, terrorism or arm conflict, rising nationalism, competing between the religious groups or the newly created international alliances, (Collinson, et al., 2009, p. 392). In contrast, the careful planning and implementation of HR planning can help the HR managers to reduce the political risk in the internal market. coatingInternational HRM is a challenging issue in modern business environment and the HR managers need to carefully implement those policies and procedures related to the IHRM. The role of HR managers is to adopt the new cultural diversity and employee diversity in the workplace. It can be done by the training and development activities and employee sanction. Employee empowerment can help the organisation to increase the profit and to get the competitive advantages by the use of flexible working team and rewarding the employees who made a big contribution in getting the results.International enlisting policy making need to b e effective by selecting the employees from different locations such as outsourcing or offshoring for example, Unilever and PG are one of the most flourishing organisation for making the outsourcing activities in the world market, (Edward Rees, 2009). Furthermore the international compensation plan needs to be in line with the countrys rules and regulations and government policies and procedures. The concept of competitive compensation can be a solution for the international HR managers to overcome the challenges in the global market.Finally, globalisation is affecting the HRM in different ways and the managers role is to fit them according to the requirements of the company. The overall objectives of an organisation are to maximize their profit and the HR managers need to be concerned about fulfilment of the companys goals and objectives.Some of the limitations need to be considered when making this look for such as the limited amount of sources of information in an internationa l country and the limited accessibility of the sources of information. However, this essay can give an idea about the IHRM and their uses and disadvantages in the international context.

Marie Curie Essay | An introduction to her accomplishments

Marie Curie Essay An introduction to her accomplishmentsMarie Salomea Sklodowska-Curie was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, Poland (Borzendowski 2009, 1890). Of all the not fitted scientists in history, she is perhaps the strongest representation of a adult fe manlike succeeding against all odds to change the field of physical science forever. Her discoveries led her from a childhood of obscurity to being unmatched of the most well-known scientists of all era.ChildhoodCuries father taught Mathematics and physics as a secondary teacher, and shared his passions and knowledge with his children (Curie 1937, 59). These were unusual subjects for girls to study at the meter and Curie went on to achieve degrees in both because of her fathers influence. Unfortunately, Curies family became baffled e realthing when the principal of the school her father worked at, turned him in for being true to Poland, which was illegal under the Russian rule (Borzendowski 2009, 1894). Marie spent t he rest of her spring chicken struggling to fund her education.SchoolingMarie Curie was an extremely intelligent woman who devoted her spiritedness to the pursuit of knowledge. She learned to read by the time she was four, without even trying, it seemed and soon she could read better than her older sister (Borzendowski 2009, 1892). At this young age she dreamed of becoming a scientist, even though such a dream would be difficult in her male dominated society. She accepted a general education in topical anesthetic schools and scientific training from her father (Curie 1937, 59). In 1891, Curie was finally able to continue her studies in the Sorbonne University, in Paris, where she studied and earned the equivalent of a masters degree in physics and mathematical sciences. Curie continue to further her education throughout her life. One of her corkingest accomplishments occurred after her husbands finis when she succeeded him as Head of the Physics Laboratory at the Sorbonne. In some other moment of success she as wellk her husbands place as Professor of General Physics in 1906, the archetypical woman to ever be prone this position. private lifeMarie Curie had one great love in her life capital of South Dakota Curie. They met at university and quickly discovered a shared pastime in magnetism (Ogilvie 2004, 30). They fell in love and were soon unite but their relationship went further than middling that of a husband and wife. They became partners in science and discovery and many of Curies greatest achievements were developed with her husband. The couple had both daughters, Irne Joliot-Curie and ve Curie, who went on to deplete very successful careers themselves (Ogilvie 2004, 41). woefully, this keen family could not continue as disaster struck in 1906 when Pierre Curie was run over by a horse-drawn look and died (Ogilvie 2004, 76).After the loss of her husband, Curie was devastated and turned to his friend Paul Langevin to befriend her with her grief. This friendship quickly developed into a relationship for which Curie was publicly despised. She was a widow, but he was married and the father of four children (Quinn 1995, 14). The French press used this information to vilify her and to bring up peoples prohibit attitudes towards godless intellectuals and emancipated women (Quinn 1995, 14). donation to ScienceMarie Curie made one of the greatest discoveries of her time when she theorized that radioactivity was an atomic rather than a chemical property (Ogilvie 2004, ix). She was a pioneer in the field of radioactivity, winning legion(predicate) laurelss and becoming the first woman Nobel laureate in 1903 with her shared portion out in physics, alongside her husband Pierre Curie and colleague atomic number 1 Becquerel (Goldsmith 2005, 111). Marie Curie went on to win another Nobel lever in Chemistry, this time as the sole recipient. She also discovered the elements polonium and radium (Ogilvie 2004, 57).Contribution to SocietyMarie Curie was continuously struggling to be seen and recognized for her great achievements. At the time it was an extremely unusual for a woman to fasten on part in such a male dominated field. On May 13th, 1906 that changed. The council of the Faculty of Science unanimously decided to maintain the contain created for Pierre Curie, and to confide it to Marie (Curie 1937, 253). This was the first time a woman had been given a visible role in French higher education. The feature that this vote was unanimous shows that Marie Curie was recognized as a scientist with profuse talent to merit the possible backlash from a more button-down community.Curie was also altruistic. She donated her award money and pushed for the use of mobile radiography units during WWI to discreetness wounded soldiers. She wanted radioactivity to be used to treat cancer and devoted her life to finding benefits to these new properties that she had discovered (Curie 1937, x). despite all of this, Curie still struggled with being accepted in the scientific community. For instance, it is interesting to notice that her early awards were almost always awarded to both her and her husband. In fact, Marie Curie had not been nominated for the 1903 Nobel Prize despite the fact that she had worked on the discovery (Ogilvie 2004, 66). It was not until her husband said I very often with to be considered together with Madame Curie that she was thought of and her nomination from the year onwards was used (Ogilvie 2004, 66).Marie Curie is easily one of the most prominent feminine scientists of all time. Her notoriety has been earned through her numerous awards, honorary degrees, and memberships to diverse learned societies. Most notably she was the first woman Nobel laureate in 1903 in physics and she then went on to win another Nobel Prize in Chemistry. It is important to note that she was awarded Nobel Prizes in two different categories, which is antiquated in itself, the fact that she was a woman doing this early in the ordinal century makes it all the more remarkable. Curie was also awarded the Davy medal, with her husband, in 1903. This award is one of the Royal Society of Londons highest awards (Curie 1937, 208). In 1904, she was awarded the Matteucci Medal by the Italian Society of Sciences, again with her husband and in 1909 she was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal by the Franklin Institute. Marie Curie was also awarded countless honorary degrees and memberships across the world for her achievements. For instance, she received many honorary degrees and awards from countless schools and organizations. (Curie 1937, 406).DeathWithout the knowledge of radiation we drive now, Curie took no precautions to avoid poisoning. To make matters worse, when she first began her research she had very little funding. Even if she had wanted to take safety precautions, she would not have been able. She did not even have a laboratory to perform her experiments, sort of having to content herself with a shed for their experiments (Curie 1937, 186). Due to this, her notes, and even her cookbooks from the 1890s, are too radioactive to be handled (Bryson 2003, 140). Curie died July 4, 1934 from aplastic anemia because of this exposure to radiation (Ogilvie 2004, xiv). Sadly her passion for science and discovery had resulted in her death. Sixty years later, in 1995, the remains of the couple were transferred to the Panthon in Paris, out of respect of their achievements. Currie was the first woman to ever receive this honor which cemented her position not just as a scientist, but as a symbol of possibility for women in the future (Borzendowski 2009, 1888).

The Crucible, by Arthur Miller Analysis

The melting pot, by Arthur moth miller AnalysisArthur miller, the agent of The Crucible was tortuous in communist activities during the Cold War in the United States which, considering the diachronic condition brought him to court. This demonization of sight who expressed different political views materialized by a witch hunt impregnates the job in the wizard that the author comp ares his situation to the one of the hundreds of thousands innocent women that were sometimes killed for the sake of personal satisfaction. This pull up stakes to label people and c whole for abomination when psyches thoughts and opinions differ from hearty conventions is symbolized in the play with characters a wish(p) fineness Putnam or Danforth who translate Millers personalisation of judgement by both society and individuals.People convicted of witchcraft belonged to the Puritan society which is know for its severity and its devotion to Christianity. The environment is therefore propitio us to all sorts of judgements. It is for eccentric the case when conjuring trick watch is asked why he does non go out Church both Sunday In the book of records that Mr Parris keeps, I celebrate that you are rarely in the church on Sabbath Day (Miller 53). crush here makes an assumption that observe is non a good Christian since he is rarely at the church. He does non ask whether prank is a good father or if he helps his neighbours, all he cares close to is whether he is physically present at the office every week. This emphasizes the importance of the social environment on ones reputation. Nowadays, in liberal countries like France for pillow slip, the factors that determine whether a person is good or not talent be his frequentations, his generosity or his involvement in the community. In the capital of Oregon of the seventeenth century, what makes someone a good person is first of all Christianity and the attendance at the Church. Judgement by society depends on th e social standards and conventions that create an ideal citizen to which everyone tries to resemble as much as possible. In this precise historical context, this ideal would be a married existence with children, all baptized, that would go to the Church every Sunday, respect all of the commandments and change by reversal hard on his piece of land without necessarily being rich. Since no one in Salem completely corresponds to this portrait, people judge and inculpate each other of not being good Christians. It is in this context propitious to judgement of others that Miller decided to install his plot.During the Cold War, a terror campaign was led through with(predicate) the United States to demonize communism and the USSR. A Manichean myth was blossoming showing the ideological state of war that opposed both superpowers as us versus them, good versus evil. The exact equal situation is present in The Crucible when in the testimonies and questions from the judge in that respec t is absolutely no space for someone like bath Proctor who is n every totally good nor evil. From the adjudicate point of view, you are either on theology of the reachs side. People convicted of witchcraft usually confess low torture or because they just dont motivation to die. The latter case is usually a lie that abides to escape termination alone involves someone elses name. This is for example the case of Tituba who, under the pressure of Hales questions names other women who she says she saw with the Devil Aye, sir, a good Christian (37) and I dont know, sir, but the Devil got him legion(predicate) witches (39). This example shows all the hypocrisy of people who call themselves good and permit judging others, but when the situation gets warm, they are capable of anything that would tho them, including buy their freedom with someone elses life. It is the same for fragility Putnam whose role in the play is to make a relation to witchcraft to everything she take ups . She wants to convict someone for her babies finis and the arrival of Reverend Hale is a good way to heighten herself it is not her fault if she cannot dedicate birth to a vigorous baby. She hence tries to get involved in the inquiry and does not hesitate to give evidence of the guilt of whoever is named by Abigail and the girls I knew it Goody Osburn were midwife to me ternary times. I begged you, Thomas, did I not? I begged him not to call Osburn because I feared her. My babies always shrivelled in her hands (39). Goody Putnam never mentioned Goody Osburns name in the beginning Tituba in the play. This quote shows how some people hold judge others and try to hammer them down for personal satisfaction. Those who like Goody Putnam are not suspected of being evil because they are at the Church every Sunday are, at least in this play, the ones whose soul is the most blackened. This situation can be compared to Millers period of time, when people like Senator McCarthy who was f ar from being exemplar still convicted artists for un-American activities. The author fustigates this locating by giving the reader the impression that Goody Putnam for example or Judge Danforth are simple minded people. Those they convict, like ass Proctor or Rebecca Nurse are not perfect but are at least honest with themselves until proven otherwise. Throughout the play, we never see either of them spitting on someone else or trying to contract trouble to anyone. This kind of character might represent Arthur Millers ideal someone that does not permit himself to judge others since no one is perfect. John and Rebeccas closing at the end of the play might symbolise the authors wish to represent them as martyrs who died for the ideas and moral values they defended and thus bring the sympathy of the reader. The Crucible is a way for the playwright to bring the readers attention on how judgements may be dangerous and end up like a snowball effect. The settle Danforth and Hathorne already had their idea on John Proctor when he came to try to save his wife, which means nonentity could contain twisted his fate. He was condemned to death the minute he entered the court because of Parriss record of attendance at church.The judiciary system is represented as obsolete and totally inseparable in The Crucible in the sense that the judges do not show any subjectivity and that people are sent to death with no proof of their affiliation to devilish activities. Considering this play is an allegory of what happened in the United States during the Cold War, Miller explicitly criticizes the trials of all those who were convicted of un-American activities. The evidence that took Giles wife to prison for example shows how arbitrary the decisions taken by the judges were. The judgements were not based on the quality and veracity of evidence or testimonies like for Elizabeth. Had they thought more of it for a second, Hathorne and Danforth could have guessed Abigail might have seen Mary put a needle in the poppet and thus created the whole masquerade that followed. Starting from the point that Mr Parris is a minister and that John Proctor is not considered a good Christian, there is ninety share of chance that Proctor will lose his trial. The characters of Danforth and Hathorne represent justice as Arthur Miller sees it a group of pretentious old men who deliberate almost anything as long as it fits to their opinion. When Hale asks Danforth to postpone John and Rebeccas execution, all he can answer is that its impossible since other people before them have been executed. This example shows Danforths incompetence and his lack of arguments which he compensates with a complex of superiority. The judges know their decision cannot be questioned and they do not refer to anyone about what they decided so they are the supreme dictum of the court and thus, can decide whatever pleases them. John and Giles wish to save their wives with testimonies are vain i n the sense that all that appeals to the judges about this list is more names of people who can be convicted of witchcraft. It seems that Hathorne and Danforth want to give ampleness to their trial and thus to their reputations of good Christian judges that do not show pity for Gods enemies. The hypocrisy of this religious centred society arises in the whole play and through many different characters, like the judges who, instead of praying for their soul and truly follow the love messages in the Bible, favor to execute people who are thought of dealing with the Devil but against whom no concrete proof can be held, for the sake of the Lords power. mature before the execution, Rebecca throws a warning at the judges who she knows care more about their glory than following what the Bible says Let you fear nothing Another judgement waits us all. According to the holy book, God will decide who goes to Heaven and Hell on Judgement Day, and Rebecca tells John she is confident that becaus e justice was not made in this world, it will be in the other. She is more afraid of Gods punishment than an execution decided by judges who trample His name. This last sentence brings solemnity and a heroic verse touch to John and Rebeccas execution. It is thrown like a prophecy, which considering what happened to those who were responsible of their deaths and how write up remembers of the Salem witch trials, can be compared to Jacques de Molays curse over pontiff Clement V and King Philippe le Bel right before his execution. This shows Millers will to prove that true justice always triumphs, no field in what form.The Crucible can be considered as a skiagraphy of the American society during the Cold War. Fear and terror promoted by the politics disturbed the balance of justice in the United States in the sense that according to Arthur Miller, it had reached the level of freedom women who were accused of witchcraft in the 17th century had. The historical context of the play is a metaphor of what Miller really wishes to criticize, and his choice to postpone his problems to another period of time might be a constraint due to censorship. However, the playwright indignation towards judgements, either by society or individuals is highly palpable throughout the story. Miller openly criticizes the hypocrisy of religious people and politics but also everyone who wishes to enhance others problems but not theirs. Whether he treats the theme of judgement through personifications or by pointing out the whole paradox of this attitude, Miller does not hide his disgust for insincerity and mockery.

The Odyssey in Oh Brother, Where Art Thou Essay -- Film Movie O Brothe

The Odyssey in Oh Brother, Where cheat ThouThe movie O Brother, Where Art Thou is a tremendous movie that was directed by the Coen brothers. The movie features a cast of knowing actors, the movie has also won several awards. The book The Odyssey is a unending classic and it was written by the mysterious bard Homer. The book tells the level of our hero Odysseus as he attempts to ground it home to his wife. at that place atomic number 18 many carriages to relate the movie plot and characters, to Odysseuss journey in The Odyssey.Lets begin with the most basic and obvious similarities, the movie and the book some(prenominal) begin with the same line Sing in me O muse. The Hellenic name Odysseus translates to the name Ulysses in Latin. Odysseuss goal in the book is to contain home to Ithaca to be with his wife Penelope and save her from the suitors. Ulysses is trying to bum around to Ithica, New York, to stop his wife Penny from marrying a suitor. Odysseus begins his journey by spending seven years on the island of Calypso before universe let go. Ulysses is in jail for several years before escaping. before long after escaping, Ulysses runs into a blind man that tells him several warnings about his up coming adventure. Odysseus gets various warnings from different gods, and from prophets through out his entire journey. In the Odyssey, they travel to the island of the lotus-eaters. Once the men eat the flower they become passive voice and dont want to leave the island. In O BROTHER, WHERE ART THOU the medical prognosis where Delmer and Pete are baptized is comparable to this. Delmer and Pete have no worry and are happy that they are sin free, even though the police are still looking to arrest them for escaping jail. In the Odyssey, Odysseus is warned not to touch the cattle of Helios, ... ...hat Ulyssess obsession with Daper Dan hair pomade represents Odysseuss pride. Instead of thanking the gods for the victory over troy weight he took credit himself. In the movie, Ulysses finds himself arguing in a reposition over the hair product selection, this almost gets him in caught by the police. There are also some obscure references I tried to make with the governors race. I think that it is similar to the whirlpool and sea monster Odysseus moldiness choose between, both are dangerous to have in your path, only a path must be chosen. The movie didnt however emphasis on Telemachuss personal journey into manhood nor did it include anything about the way Athena helps Odysseus through out the book. I found it very fire that the Coen brothers were able to include that many references to the book while still having it be relevant to the decade the movie takes place in.

Relationships Essay -- essays research papers

Interpersonal relationships define us. When we are fortunate sufficient to experience a loving relationship, we achieve positive characteristics such as security and confidence. Conversely, when we experience negative relationships, we become withdrawn, guarded, and wary of engaging in future relationships. However, it is this wariness that causes us to examine our contribution to the relationship to sacrifice the next one, or current one, more successful. In essence, it is not entirely the good or bad relationships that make us who we are, but too what we learn about ourselves from them. Relationships take a great deal of bend to be successful, and there are no guarantees that they will be. In his film, social lion Buscaglia, discusses the importance of relationships. Since every individual is unique, it takes continued effort from both parties to efficaciously understand each some other. It is, after all, as Leo said, There is no right person we become the right person. He besides suggests that vulnerability is equally as important as understanding the other person. It is the art of letting things happen we, as individuals, need to be return to being hurt - because the future is unpredictable, but be entitled to the joys as well. Paul Simon once wrote a song entitled I am a Rock, in which he concludes his song by tell I am A Rock, I am and island. And a list feels no pain And an island never cries. This communicates that interpersonal bonds, or relationsh...

Essay on Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Effective Use of Character Na

trenchant Use of Character Names in The Lottery The common nuisance of mankind, --folly and ignorance (Shakespeare). Were he alive, William Shakespeare might fully endorse Shirley Jacksons ideas as presented in The Lottery. The author, Jackson, very distinctly uses symbolic figures for her characters to show the ignorance of the sacrificial draught, which the small colony holds year after year. These sacrifices, which used to be held to relieve the god of harvest, have grown meaningless in their culture. Jackson uses the characters not only to visualize the story for the reader, but also each iodine has a meaning, which adds to the ultimate theme. One of the leaders and MOST important workforce of the town is Mr. Summers. Summer is a season of the year. It is the season of growing, the season of life. His name represents partly the old pagan fertility ritual because the harvest that is creation sacrificed to is being grown in the summer. This is supposedly, according to O ld Man Warner, what the lottery held each year was all ab go forth. But, in this case, the harvest should be fine because the setting of the story tells us that the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was high up green (74). Mr. Summers did many things to slowly wean the old tradition, the old harshness, out of the ordeal. He had the wooden chips replaced with more convenient slips of paper. He also verbalise frequently...about making a new box (75), so, therefore, he also represented new ideas as well as old. The new ideas that the close-minded village people would not accept. If given the chance, Mr. Summers would have more than likely pass judgment and backed the motion to cease the lottery and stop the sacrifice. Even though... ...haracters names to symbolize meanings that she could not get across to the reader any former(a) way. She showed how Mr. Graves sacrificial killing and Old Man Warners vehement tradition was too much of a history for Mr. Summers new ideas and youngish Watsons realizations. Mrs. Hutchinson still got her hand in the box and the stone up the side of her head. I AM NOT SURE HOW, tho YOU CAUSED ME TO express joy AT SUCH A SOLOMN STORY. YOU DID A VERY GOOD task RESEARCHING YOUR TOPIC AND CITING YOUR SOURCES. BE CAREFUL NOT TO USE CONTRACTION AND void SLANG TERMS. I THOUGHT YOUR CONCLUSION WAS A LITTLE ABRUPT, BUT IT WAS NOT BAD. OVERALL THIS WAS A VERY GOOD PAPER AND I ENJOYED READING IT. Works CitedJackson, Shirley. The Lottery. 1949 Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 6th ed. saucy York HarperCollins, 1995.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning :: essays research papers

Elizabeth Barrett, an English poet of the Romantic Movement, was born in 1806 at Coxhoe Hall, Durham, England. The oldest of twelve children, Elizabeth was the first in her family born in England in everyplace two hundred years. For centuries, the Barrett family had lived in Jamaica, where they owned sugar plantations and had slave diligence to run them. Elizabeths father was Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett, who chose to raise his family in England, while his fortune grew in Jamaica. Elizabeth was educated at home, and had read passages from a number of Shakespearean plays, among former(a) great works, before the age of ten. By her twelfth birthday she had write her first epic poem, which consisted of four books of rhyming couplets. deuce years after Elizabeth developed a lung ailment that plagued her for the rest of her life. Doctors began treating her with morphine, which she would use until she died. While travel a pony when she was fifteen, Elizabeth also suffered a spinal in jury. Throughout her immature years, Elizabeth taught herself Hebrew so that she could read the Old Testament. Her interests then later dour to Greek studies. Accompanying her appetite for the classics was a passionate enthusiasm for her Christian faith. She became active in the Bible and Missionary Societies of her church. In 1826 Elizabeth then anonymously published her collection An Essay on Mind and Other Poems. Two years after that her mother passed away. The slow abolition of slavery in England and mismanagement of the plantations depleted the Barretts income. In 1832 Elizabeths father sold his rural kingdom at a public auction. He moved his family to a coastal town and rented cottages for the next three years, before settling permanently in London. While living on the sea coast, Elizabeth published her translation of Prometheus startle (1833), by the Greek dramatist Aeschylus. Gaining notoriety for her work in the 1830s, Elizabeth act to live in her fathers London house under his tyrannical rule. He began sending Elizabeths younger siblings to Jamaica to help with the familys estates. Elizabeth bitterly opposed slavery and did not want her siblings sent away. During this time, she wrote The Seraphim and Other Poems (1838), expressing Christian sentiments in the form of upright Greek tragedy. Due to her weakening disposition she was forced to spend a year at the sea of Torquay accompanied by her brother Edward.

Exemplification Essay: Separation of Church and State -- Expository Ex

Because of my strong beliefs, I contain been called the Antichrist, a witch, an atheist, and a Satanist. Fervent Christians have told me that my kind is solely accountable for the downfall of American morals. Actually, none of these labels fits me. I am non a witch because the only modern religion to practice witchcraft is Wicca (American hereditary pattern 1381), and I am not a Wiccan. I am not a Satanist because modern Satanists do not believe in Satan as an actual entity instead, they follow a religion of the self, as the founder of the Church of Satan, Anton LaVey, put it. (LaVey 1) Satanists also belong to an organization such as the Church of Satan or the Temple of Set, and I do not belong to any such organization. I do not call myself an atheist because atheists tend to not have well-developed ethical systems. I am a secular humanist. This means that I have no belief in supernatural beings or forces (gods or goddesses, angels, demons, leprechauns, etc.) that rational estimation is more important to me than blind faith and that I value immunity of expression, belief, and inquiry. Now, because I value freedom of belief, it doesnt bother me that people think these things about me. If they want to believe that I fly through the air on a broomstick to a Satan-worshipping orgy, thats their misunderstanding. If they want to think my life is more exciting than it really is, theyre welcome. What bothers me is the way that religious bigotry extends to the highest levels of government. George Bush was quoted as saying, I dont know that atheists should be considered as citizens, nor should they be considered patriots. This is one nation under God. (Quotes 5) The problem is that the first amendment states that C... ... of the majority, the minority endures oppression. The quality of government suffers when it has been conglomerate too much with religion, and the quality of religious motives suffer when they have been polluted by political motives. Lets move to a true separation of perform and state. Works Cited American Heritage Dictionary, 2nd. College Edition. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1982. Blue Laws. Barrons Concise Students Encyclopedia. 1993 ed. LaVey, Anton. The Worlds virtually Feared Religion. Cloven Hoof, Issue 127. Scott (Last name unknown). Quotes. 6 pp. Online. Internet. 13 Jan. 1997. Available http//www.paranoia.com/wcs/quotes.htm Worbois, Dean. mental institution Faiths. 3 pp. Online. Internet. 13 Jan. 1997. Available http//www.postfun.com/worbois.html Note this document has been moved here --webmaster, 11/25/97

Poverty Vs. The Economy Essay -- Poor Poverty Economics Essays

Poverty vs. The EconomyPoverty is a escape of goods and services necessary to maintain aminimal adequate beat of surviving. The definition of the term adequate varies,however, with the general standard of living in a society and with publicattitudes toward deprivation. No university accepted definition of basal needsexists because poverty is a relative concept. In distressinger countries it meansliving at the brink of subsistence, while in our country few offhand familiesconfront starvation, although many suffer from undernourishment.A key issue in the ara of poverty is inequality. Inequality has beena problem in entirely societies. No society distri merelyes income evenly. Despite allthe conceptual and technical problems of measurement, the political sympathies activity hasdevised a widely cited poverty index that reflects the different consumptionrequirements of families depending on their size and composition, on the sex andage of the family head, and on weather they en dure in rural or urban areas. Basedon one-time(prenominal) surveys, the designers of the poverty index determined that families ofthree or more someone spend approximately one-third of their income on food.Thus, the poverty level for these families was, therefore, plant at three timesthe cost of the economy food plan. For small families and persons livingalone, the cost of the economy food plan was multiplied by higher factors inorder to compensate for the larger fixed expenses of smaller households. Thepoverty thresholds are updated every year to reflect changes in the consumer expense index but overall rises in standard of living. (levington, page 147)another(prenominal) issue is that the poverty index has several flaws. First, itdoes not allow for regional variations in the cost of living or for higher bein the central city areas, where many of the poor are concentrated. Second, theflood costs for the budget were designed for temporary or emergence use and arethus inadequat e for a perment diet because they provide hardly the barestsubsistence. Finally, the government statistics fall to take into considerationnonmonetary benefits and assets in determining the number of poor. If thesewere counted, the come in the official poverty ranks would be reduced.The growing gap mingled with the poverty level and median family incomedemonstrates the inaccuracy of adjusting a poverty level for charge ... ...easy. Birth control and maternal care, designed to give childrena break start in life, also leave the mother in a better position to becomeeconomically self sufficient or, at least, contribute to her own support.Similarly, the difference between cash subsides and rehabilitative programs is a great deal blurred, for instance, stipends are necessary for the poor if they are tocomplete an effective bringing up program. These various strategies for helpingthe poor complement each other. Not only must todays poverty be alleviatedthrough cash and in-and aid, bu t steps must be taken to reduce it in the approachingby better preparing young people and by giving the poor a better chance in thejob market.BibliographyFitchen,Janet M.(1981). Poverty and verdant America new(a) York,York Random house Publishing Company.Jansson, Bruce S. (1988). The Reluctant public assistance State, AHistory of Amercians Social Welfare Policies. Belmont, CaliforniaWadsworth Publishing Company.Katz, Michael B. (1990) The unworthy Poor the War on Poverty to the war onWelfare, New York, New York.Levitan, Sar A. And Shapiro, Issac. (1987), Working But Poor. New York, NewYork The free Press.

The Effects of Media on Food Market Essay examples -- Nutrition

fast, in the past few decades, has become a significant part of American culture today. This includes fad dieting, regular example of diet products such as Slimfast, and even metabolism altering pills. Ironically, in addition to this aspect of popular American culture today, there is likewise an obesity epidemic. In reaction to these occupations presented, unfortunately, there is also a tremendously skewed ideal body image for those influenced by societal standards. Dieting products (diet labeled) only encourage a skewed body image. How does citizenry production and marketing of diet products influence healthy eating in the United States today? The answer lies within the media codes we accept as mankind within marketing and advertisements. Mass-produced diet meals were first introduced to the United States near the 1980s. They became much more popular in the late1990s and early 2000s. These foods were produced to be a healthier alternative to mass-produced pre-made m eals. The basis of the dieting problem in the United States probably derives from this process of altering, rather than changing, consumers ideas of what healthy is. The floriculture Theory, which was addressed towards violence in class, can also be employ to this phenomenon of healthy eating. This theory addresses how media and marketing, in this context, prepare the ground (consumers) to be a condition in which things (dieting products) will grow. The popularization and acceptance of the diet meal as opposed to going back to the basics, rather all natural, created a fertile environment for companies to create more diet products and market them as such. The problem, however, is that through this process the terms diet, lean, low-calorie, sugar-f... ...es it all the more important for consumers to represent and analyze the nutritional labels provided before making a purchase. Works CitedColbin, Annemarie. Calories - How more than Do They Count. FoodandHealing.com. (2009) n. page. Web. 3 may. 2012. For Consumers. FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration . FDA, 12/08/2011. Web. 3 May 2012. Hawkes, Corinna. Food Impostors. Alt HealthWatch. 61.1 (2009) n. page. Web. 7 May. 2012. Hidden Valley. The Original banquet Makes Everything Taste Better. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2012. .mayonnaise Clinic Staff, . Nutrition and Healthy Eating.Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 03/31/2011. Web. 3 May 2012. Schnitzer, Johann Georg. Human Nutrition. Alive Canadas Natural Health & Wellness Magazine. (2003) 89-90. Print.

Margaret Sanger’s Planned Parenthood Essay -- Exploratory Essays

Margaret Sangers Planned Parenthood During a time in which neatness supremacy was being challenged by an ever-increasing African population, a woman named Margaret Sanger want to purify the Statess breeding stock and purge Americas bad stains (Planned Parenthood). She set out to establish the American bear Control League, which eventually became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA). Sangers actions provoked much controversy because at the time not save was contraception illegal in the United States, tho it was denounced by roughly every major religious denomination (Contraception History). Margaret Sanger set out on a mission to overcome first the church and then the aver in order to stop bringing to birth children whose inheritance cannot be one of health or intelligence, (Planned Parenthood) and to impact womens sexual freedom. Margaret Sangers first order of business in her attempt to claim womens rights to sexual freedom was to alter the churchs thoughts and ideals regarding the use of contraception. In 1916, when she began her revolutionary crusade, contraception was not only condemned by the Catholic Church, but by many sects of Christianity. After much effort, the year 1930 brought success to Margaret Sanger and her cohorts. It was at this point that the Church of England accepted the use of contraception in certain circumstances, and only amid get hitched with couples (Contraception History). This victory by Sanger and her organization, Planned Parenthood, was followed by a wave of acceptance among many denominations for contraceptive use among married couples, and then among single adults. The aftermath of Sangers efforts influenced much of the world to ever-changing i... ... links to other resources in English as well as Spanish.http//www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/ipff.htm This site provides the specific history of Planned Parenthood and provides a timeline of when interest began in dif ferent countries across the world. It also includes the names of those on the discordant boards and commissions within the organization, and for what each is responsible.http//www.conservativebeacon.com/essays/Other/planned_parenthood.html This site provides an interesting comparison between Margaret Sanger and Adolf Hitler, implying that each was a white supremacist in search of ensuring the continuance of white domination.http//dianedew.com/sanger.htm This site provides quotes from Margaret Sanger herself, on many various subjects such as blacks, adultery, abortion, and her have got personal goals.

The Impact of the System of Patronage Upon Works of Art Essay examples

The Impact of the System of Patronage Upon Works of ArtDuring the conversion, the system of stand came into creation,mainly as a reflection of the increasing capitalist accent beingplaced on life in conversion Italy, virtually notably in Florence. In itsvery nature as a commercial, capitalist place, Renaissance Italy was ahugely rivalrous place. It was accordingly not surprising that workof subterfuge were very often commissioned for competitive reasons. Duringthe Renaissance, art was not just as we think of it today, as an communicatory, raise creation. Art was a focal point of society,and a very potent tool that powerful people used to gain anadvantage. Discarding the effects it had on society for a moment, itwas the key feature of the Renaissance.In earlier times, art had less status. However, mirroring the economicdevelopment of the time, art became the thing to spend currency on, forvarious reasons. Money lay at the centre of art, and that is why brook is so primar y(prenominal).The system of patronage is a wide term and therefore there atomic number 18 anumber of influences to consider when answering this question. Amongthem are the glory of the family the honour of the city theincreasing economic power of individuals and groups and the authorizedlegacy that influenced art so frequently.Although in the later Renaissance time, capital of Italy became increasinglyinvolved (with the Popes influence), Florence and Venice were the twoleading protagonists as centres of culture in the earlier years. Notsurprisingly, they were also the two leading cities economically. Thetwo cities heavy competed with the other honour was of primalimportance. As merchants and artists were encouraged to travel as muchas possible, innovative ideas in pieces from other cities quicklybecame merged into artists own city. For example, after thedeath of Savonarola, Florence sought to make her constitution muchmore similar to Venices. As a reflection of this, a spectac ular room in thepalace of the signoria was designed to act and look desire Venetian Hallof the Great Council and two huge frescoes were commissioned, one byLeonardo, the other by Michelangelo.By commissioning their own great kit and caboodle of art, smaller states couldquickly achieve prominence and be put on the map. Padua and Mantuawere two lesser states at the beginning of the Renais... ...is was the greatest extent in the narrative ofart because of the healthy economic situation of Renaissance Italy.The rich did not save their money. Art was the thing to spend spendable income on. It was a way of showing wealth and gainingprestige and influence. Without patronage and consumer demand, beingan artist could not have been a profession. In the Renaissance, wealthwas power. And wealth was shown through owning works of art.So, as has been seen, the system of patronage was extremely importantin Renaissance Italy. It brought with it mixed blessings for artists.On the one hand, it ga ve them the income to support themselves and conserve to produce works. On the other hand, though, it could be veryconstrictive on what the artist could produce, and could evensometimes decide the quality of a work. scarce ultimately it can be saidthat the art patronage allowed the Renaissance to be remembered as agolden age in history and a way of distinguishing the period from theMiddle Ages. Patronage did effect works of art, but there is littleevidence supporting a conjecture that it stopped the art of the time beingas beautiful and expressive as it could have been.