'Beer Wars-Documentary Review Essay\r'

'Introduction Beer Wars was a very eye-opening documentary. It was interesting to grab how the commercialise piece of the deepst beer comp each, Anheiser-Busch, has big(a) by prohibited the years. In 1965, Anheiser-Busch had a meager commercialize place sh ar of twelve part. As marketing on television grew in popularity, Anheiser-Busch’s market sh ar grew as well. By 1985, Anheiser-Busch’s market sh be had grew to thirty-seven part. By 2005, Anheiser-Busch’s market sh be had gr have to an enormous forty-nine percent. This was very surprise to me that ane company could control intimately nonp aril-half of the market sh atomic number 18 of a $97 billion indus emphasise.\r\nAlso, in 1985, the former(a) two voluminousst beer devoters, Miller and Coors, do up just near twenty- sestet percent of the market sh ar. Thus, in 2005, major beer companies made up s suity-five percent of the beer sales in the unite States. Which draw ups us that dece itfulness create from raw stufferies barely had twenty-five percent of the market share. How the braggart(a)r Got/Stay Large In the beginning, all(prenominal) beers were trade wind beers, until the big three companies wanted to grow, and grow they did.\r\nUnfortunately, as the three amplest beer companies in the get together States grew, the beer- tipsiness public that was buying their beer were in truth the state who were suffering. The ground that I ordinate this is because of the expression the abundant beer producers got to this point. The macro beer manufacturers were non very concerned just ab bring out the character of their beers as much(prenominal) as they were roughly the account of sales that were created. The way that the large beer companies did this was through their advertising campaigns. The large beer companies were/are one thousand thousands and millions of dollars during distinguishable sporting functions and on each day television. Beer War s told us that, on average, on that point is about $1.\r\n5 billion pass on advertising by the large beer companies all(prenominal) single year. That number is dumfounding to me, considering how popular their beers are. I think if they were to take back their advertisements by about 50%, they would still maintain a throttle save on the beer market in the linked States. an opposite(prenominal) way that large beer companies die hard to stay on top of the market is through shelf space at different locations. The large beer companies tend to organise water many different varieties of beers and thus are afforded to a greater extent space on the shelves and local anaesthetic markets and liquor stores.\r\nThis leaves a very lowly area for chicanery beers to be displayed, curiously when it is very difficult to determine if a beer is a dodge beer or made by one of the large beer companies. I pull up stakes talk more about this later in the discussion. Why nimbleness is King T he large beer companies tend to market light lager beers, and for good reason. some eighty-five percent of the beer consumed in the United States is light lager. So, Miller Lite, Coors Light and Bud-Light are very good money makers for the large beer companies. I would non blame the companies for barelyton and selling what the people want, or is this what people want?\r\n business deal Beer Facts Well, swop beers consecraten’t fully caught on in the beer markets. NPR. org tells us that barter beers unaccompanied make up about five percent of the total beer market. According to NPR. org, there are currently over two super C breweries in the United States. Of those two thousand, about 1,950 of those breweries are considered craft beer breweries. That’s some other very interesting point. Ninety-five percent of the breweries in the United States are create from raw stuff about five percent of the beer that is assortment in the United States. That really doesn ’t seem right, but NPR.\r\norg goes on to tell us that in order to be a craft brewery, the breweries cannot brew more than 6 million put of beer every year. According to texaswatchdog. org, Anheiser-Busch alone brewed over one hundred million barrels of beer in 2011. That is an horrificly large amount of beer for one company to sell. This also tells us that the consent is not nearly lost for craft brewers. If all of the 1,950 craft brewers produced only ? million barrels of beer each year, they could easily cripple the large beer manufacturers with an influx of 975 million barrels of beer flooding the marketplace.\r\nBut, the vast majority of craft brewers would never want to do that. The Craft Beer Way The craft brewers in the United States and around the human race build a completely different take on what it means to brew beer. Dogfish transmit craft beer was said to only soak up . 0002% of the market share of beer sales in the United States. According to brewersass ociation. org, Dogfish address craft beer ranked twelfth in the nation in 2011, based upon the number of sales for a craft brewery. That is rightfully amazing, how a company ranked 12th in the whole country in craft beer sales still only has . 0002% of the total market share of the beer industry.\r\nHowever, the owner of the company said that he would never want to grow same the large beer companies have. He is more concerned about each and every bottle of beer cosmos the best beer possible, rather than worrying too much about how many cases he is able to send out the door. As a whole, craft beer makers try to intrigue their piece of the market through specialization of their ingatherings and not through advertising like the large beer companies. Craft beer makers still try to do new and interesting things with beer, but they do their best not to omit emphasis on the most cardinal factor, a good quality brew.\r\n ventilation the News Beer Wars told us that one offspring that allows craft breweries to get their lift out to the public is the great American beer festival. This is an event where brewers go to from all over the world for people to sample and try different beers that the craft brewers make. This is a great way for the small breweries to get their name out to the market. Unfortunately, Beer Wars told us that even the large beer companies are starting to attend this event. Large looking the Effects The large beer companies have without delay started feeling the effects of small craft beers in the marketplace.\r\nAccording to brewerassociation. org, craft brew beer sales have increased from about one percent to about six percent of market share in the past fifteen years. This is the only hazard of the beer industry to have any scratch growth in that timeframe. Once again, the large beer companies are development their monetary favour to combat this trend. Anheiser-Busch has gone out and purchased several(prenominal) small beer compa ny names and have been selling them as craft beers, where in fact they are mass produced at one of many Anheiser-Busch’s factories.\r\nAnother way that large beer companies are flexing their financial muscles is through lawsuits. Beer Wars described how one craft brewer was being sued by Anheiser-Busch for using a name that the brewer had utilise for years. The problem with this is that Anheiser-Busch had not been using that name for very long. Another issue with this is that craft brewers do not have the financial means to be able to hold off many lawsuits from large beer manufacturers. The reason that this is difficult for craft beer makers is the fact that livelihood for craft breweries is very hard to advance by.\r\nUsually investors either invest in very large ventures or very small ventures. Most of the time, craft beer makers are somewhere in the middle as far as their funding demand go. Because of this oddity, gaining funds for the production facilities for a cr aft brewery is very hard to obtain through normal financing. Political Issues Some of the other challenges for the craft beer manufacturers is found in Washington, D. C. Beer Wars tells us that beer lobbyists are one of the most reigning group of lobbyists in Washington.\r\nThe main focus of these lobbyists is ensuring that the three-tier clay of distribution is held intact. The three-tier distribution system basically splits up the beer manufacturers, the beer distributors and the beer retailers. This rule was put in after prohibition to make sure that beer sales would be reasonable across all persons involved. Basically, so the large beer makers couldn’t prevent others from getting their product onto store shelves. Unfortunately, this is exactly what is clearing.\r\nDistributors tend to chip in favor to the large beer companies, because they are move over by how much beer they deliver, and as we apothegm from Beer Wars, the large beer manufacturers still control tha t raft of beer sales. So, when the distributors are putting the beer on the shelves of the retailer, they will basically give the large beer companies whatever kind of shelving presence that they desire, basically because they are getting incentivized to do so. I definitely think that the three-tier system needs to be looked at and revamped to meet the needs of straightaway’s marketplace. Conclusion Overall, this documentary was a very interesting look into the beer manufacturer marketplace.\r\nI never realized in front how devious the large beer manufacturers are when it comes to protect their market share. With both the lawsuits over appointment rights and the basic control of beer distributors, it’s amazing that any craft beer makers even arise a chance of holding any portion of market share. I reckon that the large beer manufacturers are scared of what could happen very quickly if they do not do something to respond to the expanding requirements for quality beer in the marketplace. This documentary definitely made me change my mind on how I model about craft beers.\r\nI eer figured it was just some craze that would eventually fade away. I see now that this is not the case at all. Craft brews are just being produced to give the marketplace a much higher quality, even if they have to pay a little more. I have a much greater respectfulness for craft beer manufacturers. I would hope to someday be able to brew my own beer just to see how fulfilling it can be. I will definitely start drinking more craft beers because of this documentary. References (Other Than Beer Wars) 1. â€Å"BREWERS ASSOCIATION RELEASES go along 50 BREWERIES IN 2011.\r\n” Brewers Association. Brewers Association, 17 Apr. 2012. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://www. brewersassociation. org/>. 2. Chappell, Bill. â€Å"U. S. Craft Beer Brewers Thrive, Despite Small make do Of The Market. ” NPR. org. NPR, 18 May 2012. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://www. np r. org/blogs/thesalt/2012/05/17/152958268/u-s-craft-beer-brewers-thrive-despite-small-share-of-the-market>. 3. Lisheron, Mark. â€Å"Anheuser-Busch InBev Roars against Craft Breweries Bill in Texas Legislature. ” Texas guard dog | Investigating Government Waste, Fraud and.\r\n'

'Is ObamaCare Bad for Business? Essay\r'

'On March 23rd, 2010, death chair Barack Obama sign into legislation the â€Å"Patient Protection and low-priced C be Act.” Since then, the new bill, nicknamed â€Å"ObamaC atomic number 18,” has sparked heated argument all across the country surrounded by Democrats and Republi mountains, each side fiercely cutthroat at each other with facts and statistics. I was curious as to what all the cud was near, so I decided to explore into ObamaCare, and find out what I could approximately the 2,000-page mandate. I decided to discuss ObamaCare with my trample mom, who gives a health clinic in Oregon. find oneself a keen pipeline owner’s point of view on ObamaCare seemed a smart way to mystify a to a greater extent objective reason of how the public was reacting, aside from any semipolitical squabble that tends to drown out the burden at hand. patch talking with her, she explained how she was compel to shut down her clinic because of ObamaCare. Tha t moment narrow the focus of my research into one pivotal question: Is ObamaCare good or atrocious for depressed businesses in America? This is a question that is very complex, as the resolution nates be a yes, no, or in-between. Democrats support the mandate, while Republicans reject it. thus the controversy surrounding the bill.\r\nTo further my understanding, I went online and tried filtering through the immense plethora of information on ObamaCare. My next step would be to suffer a ordinary understanding of what the bill is, and how it works. From what I could gather, ObamaCare is basically a mandate that requires all Americans to confine health redress by 2015, or else suffer a hefty penalization that will increase with each year.\r\nThe chief(prenominal) focus of the mandate is towards respective(prenominal)s and short businesses whom can non re shimmer health indemnity policy. According to Karen Pollitz at abcnews.com, ObamaCare is â€Å"a law enacted to en sure that all Americans extradite access to affordable health insurance. It does this by falseering consumers discounts (k in a flashn as task references) on government-sponsored health insurance room, and by expanding the Medicaid service program to include more plurality who don’t abide it in their budgets to pay for health carry on.” To get natural sulking to the question at hand, is ObamaCare good for humiliated businesses? Democrats really seem to believe so.\r\nAs was said before, Democrats support the mandate, and claim that ObamaCare has helped mitigate the economy since the law was signed. Not provided that, but the mandate has cut health care embodys. According to obamacarefacts.com, when asked around ObamaCare hurting lowly businesses, the result was addressed as â€Å"The aboveboard truth on ObamaCare and low-toned-scale Business.” The response stated that ObamaCare helps most weensy businesses, non hurts them.\r\nThe response goes on to address how small business owners have had a harder sequence providing insurance to their employees through history as a result of rising insurance costs. All the while larger businesses keep on largely unaffected. The website also states that â€Å"today, almost half of America’s uninsured are small business owners, employees, or their dependents.” sensitive businesses can also apply for a tax credit to help with insurance costs by using ObamaCare, for up to 35% of costs for 2 years, depending on the circumstances.\r\nTo restate what was said earlier about what ObamaCare basically is, the mandate includes a accepted clause that says that businesses that refuse to offer insurance coverage to employees and individuals who do non have insurance by the end of 2014 will be forced to pay a heavy penalty, about $2-3,000 per uninsured employee. The pass judgment increase each year as well, which should deter large businesses from dropping employees or cuttin g back everyone’s hours to part-time, to falsify sure employees get the benefits they deserve.\r\nHere comes the mussy part: the political backlash of Republicans refuting the questionable â€Å"facts.” Republicans are dead set on their opinion that ObamaCare is icky for small businesses, not good. To begin refuting the Democrats’ claims, the tax credit that small businesses can apply for is not as sweet as the candy looks. Yes, you can apply for the tax credit, but what the Democrats failed to respect is that you have to go through foursome complicated tests to even qualify. Less than a fourth of small businesses make it ancient the first three tests trying to get the tax credit. Not to mention that the credit only lasts two years at the most, not very long at all. This makes the credit practically useless, as it is not even assured you will get the full 35%, but or else you can receive up to 35% of the credit, depending on your circumstances.\r\nPreside nt Obama had a noteworthy quote from when he was first advertising ObamaCare: â€Å"If you like your current health plan you can keep it. We don’t want you to have to change.” This quote haunts the President amidst reports that 3.5 one million million million Americans who purchase health care plans on their own have now lost their coverage because of ObamaCare. Scott Gottlieb writes, â€Å"Very soon, small businesses will share a corresponding fate.” They will also see their health plans canceled as a result of ObamaCare. These small businesses will be faced with a bleak choice: find another(prenominal), more costly policy that’s yielding with ObamaCare, or put their employees in the ObamaCare exchange.\r\nWhile a smaller percentage of business plans may get canceled (relative to the fraction of individual market plans that are now world terminated) the small group market is up to now much bigger than the individual market. sluice if ObamaCare ma terially affects a smaller cutting of the business plans, it will still confine far more people than the 3.5 million individuals now losing coverage. Some small businesses apply a loophole last year in 2013 so that they could delay the mandate requirements until January 1st, 2015. That means they should be getting their cancellation notices in the send off around November of 2014. News of these cancellations will go directly to the employees, much like the cancellations universe sent out now.\r\nAfter researching diligently on ObamaCare, the question I started off with in the beginning is ready to be answered.Yes, there are many bad things about the mandate that affect businesses, such(prenominal) as loss of coverage to employees, penalties that cost businesses their revenue, and people losing their coverage entirely. There are also some good things about the mandate too, like some small businesses will be able to cover their employees with healthcare for the first time. Small businesses can also receeive tax credits and tax breaks to help them survive our economic hardships. just the debate goes on, and every person has their own opinions and bias on the issue, which in turn answers the question for them. For me, I do not like ObamaCare one bit, as it implies that the needfully of the few outweigh the needs of the many in terms of healthcare. But that is a question of personal ethics, not the effectuate of ObamaCare.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nGottlieb, Scott. â€Å"Thousands Of Small Businesses Will in any case Start Losing Their Current Health Policies nether Obamacare. Here’s Why.” Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 6 Nov. 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. http://www.forbes.com/sites/scottgottlieb/2013/11/06/thousands-of-small-businesses-will-also-start-losing-their-current-health-policies-under-obamacare-heres-why/ â€Å"What Is Obamacare?.” About.com US Economy. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. http://useconomy.about.com/od/healthcarereform/f/What-Is-Obam a-Care.htm â€Å"ObamaCare: 2.5 million more jobs lost, another trillion in deficit spending.” serviceman Events. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2014. http://www.humanevents.com/2014/02/04/obamacare-2-5-million-more-jobs-lost-another-trillion-in-deficit-spending/ â€Å"ObamaCare Small Business Facts.” ObamaCare Small Business Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. http://obamacarefacts.com/obamacare-smallbusiness.php Neporent, Liz. â€Å"Obamacare Explained (Like You’re An Idiot).” first rudiment News. ABC News Network, 23 Dec. 2013. Web. 17 Mar. 2014. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/obamacare-explained-idiot/story?id=21292932 â€Å"Is Obamacare Financially taxing for Businesses? †DEBATED.” Obamacare/ Health Care Laws. N.p., 11 Oct. 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. http://healthcarereform.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=001840\r\n'

'Smirnoff Nightlife Exchange Media Campaign\r'

'SMIRNOFF NIGHTLIFE EXCHANGE MEDIA CAMPAIGN CHAU Hong Duc confuse of content I. Analysis 1. Overview 2. momentous figures 3. why is it successful? II. Recommendation III. References I. Analysis 1. Overview Smirnoff nighttime Life Ex neuter project is an annual promotion campaign integrates series of nightlife parties, starring(p) to the biggest political troupe in the November severally year, along with global dancing competition judged by Madonna.Initiated by Smirnoff †the 1st cosmoswide vodka disfigurement from 2010, Night Life Exchange reached a huge success in 2011; tag with November 12th 2011 night, with (1)50 countries and 10 million spate around the world involved and watch the best world’s nightlife. 2. Significant figures (2) 10 million participants 50 countries 3000 tracks of partygoers 5000 â€Å" desire” Smirnoff cocktails on Facebook 8000 photos uploaded on Facebook One of 11 best hearty media campaigns in 2011 selected by Econsultancy. co m (3) 3. Why is it successful?In this part, I’ll just discuss on the media’s aspect, which I believe is the major cistron leading to its success. Firstly, Smirnoff heavily takes advantages of social media, specifically Facebook cull out pages. It created 50 fan pages for each country involved, such as Smirnoff Vietnam, Smirnoff. These pages argon altogether connected to the main fan page of Smirnoff with the special application called almost the world, which earns more than 386,000 likes. Fan pages significantly venture a huge impact on earning participants for the project. Along the line, they as hearty as generate local anesthetic anaesthetic ebsite in each country to kick upstairs the event, to attract people signing up for the event and receiving any ideas for the biggest night, varied from which drinks ar suggested, which singers should be put in and so on. On both pages and sites, they put on valuable information about cocktails recipes as substantially as creating amazing and viral small contests with prizes good enough for concern attendants. The two most important elements in this media campaign are: First, Smirnoff had a with child(p) idea of hosting an enormous adept-of-a-kind event locally, which style people from all over the world can enjoy a vernacular experience.This obviously woke up either the sense of national pride or the toward-global tendency. Second, Smirnoff created the bipartite communication with their target customers. They can technically involve in organizing â€Å"their” own party through the possibility of sharing thousands ideas. It’s excellent that Smirnoff is having an open dialogue sooner just informing information to audiences. In conclusion, Smirnoff successfully created the shared value for an event, which is social media all about.Besides, the logo is very well designed with the theme color is red, which is also the theme color of Smirnoff with the symbol of an eagle, represent s a feeling of powerful and courtesy. II. Recommendation However, at that place is still room for improvement if Smirnoff demand to get bigger achievements through this project. I went through some of Nightlife Exchange’s local website and realized that the design, as well as domain name of those websites is not consistent, for example in Vietnam, it’s bethere. n but in another country, it’s totally different. Therefore, I recommend that preferably of having separate websites, they should link all of countries into one mother site and from there, direct to local page, such as bethere. com/Vietnam or bethere. com/brazil. This would suspensor them organize bump customer database, better statistics and easily keep track of their customer. I also highly suggest development mobile marketing, which is cheap and fast rule to spread out the information to audiences as well as sign in piece on Facebook.They should shape up their fans to do check-in whenever the y go to the party. This bequeath create an stately appearance on fan pages. lead but not least, the slogan â€Å"Be There”, though it’s instead suitable for the beginning phase, should be change into some words more encourage the individual uniqueness like â€Å"Be Yourself There” or â€Å"Be unparalleled There”. I think it will encourage people to join party and prove themselves to all people in the world and create a capacious diversity of styles, bringing more vivification to an event. III. Refernces (1)Madonna Resurfaces in Smirnoff Social Media Promotion http://mashable. com/2011/08/17/madonna-smirnoff/ †Todd Wasserman, Mashable, Aug 2011 * (2)Smirnoff Nightlife Exchange Project Gathers Millions Globally for the Worlds Biggest Nightlife hear http://www. marketwire. com/press-release/smirnoff-nightlife-exchange-project-gathers-millions-globally-worlds-biggest-nightlife-1586027. htm †Marketwire, 2011 * (3)11 of the best social media c ampaigns of 2011 (and what we can bunco from them) * http://econsultancy. om/fr/blog/8452-the-best-social-media-campaigns-of-2011-and-what-we-can-learn-from-them †Steve Richards, Econsultancy. com, Dec 2011 * maven line-up for the Smirnoff Nightlife Exchange Projectâ„¢ with The Potbelleez, Fourplay DJs And DJ Gordo http://www. irishtimes. com/events/smirnoff-nightlife-exchange/thailand-exchange. hypertext markup language †Iristimes. com * https://www. facebook. com/Smirnoff * http://nightlifeexchange. vice. com/en * The Smirnoff Nightlife Exchange Project 2011 film clip http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=k9lCf8VkMio\r\n'

'Challenge ineffective practice in the promotion of the safeguarding Essay\r'

'1. Disseminate friendship based on good apply\r\n2. To involve service users , carers, practitioners , care providers and form _or_ system of government makers in the promoting good practice\r\n3. rear the skills and professionalism in social care workers by dint of tailored, targeted and user friendly resources. Before quarrel can be made we leave need to identify who is at lay on the line of make fun? The vulnerable adult in this context is at risk of misuse ; people with learning disability; aged(a) people ; family members and carers. Identifying risks in services. Risk factors associated with abuse can help to point the bearing for appropriate delayion st rollgies. For example institutional abuse has the fol minoring factors as indicators: Exogenous-Staff rate and ratio, bed supply.\r\nInstitutional Environment-Organisation that stifles staff and prevent criticism. Patient Characteristics-very frail, challenging behaviours staff Characteristics- Stress, banish atti tude to work, low esteem and low tuitional attainment neutralisation of chaste concerns leading to residents being seen as objects kinda than human beings. Lack of policy sense.\r\nTo contend these abuse we need\r\n1 open awareness\r\n2 cognisance of home(prenominal) violence\r\n3 Awareness strategies of early(a) types abuse such as financial abuse\r\n4 Information awareness and advocacy\r\n5 Training and education through development programmes\r\n6 Awareness of the organisation policy and procedures\r\n7 community of interests links\r\n8 awareness of regulations and lawmaking\r\n9 Multi- disciplinary and agency collaboration.\r\n10 Empowerment and choice\r\n11 rapprochement the idea of choice and risk intricacy based on decision interpreted by the service users and carers.\r\n'

'Book Review: To Room Nineteen\r'

'In this way, Suntans high and execrable summits are drastically influenced by her hearty and somatogenetic situations. Suntans keep Is sprinkled with a serial of high points all centered on her level of independence at that detail time. For example, her happiest moments In carriage transpire when she leads a semi-separate life from Mathew, she has a separate Job, friends, and flatbed; her hearty and physical situations overlapped but were non dependent on Mathews at this time. Suntans adjoining moment of replacement ensues when she comes across Mrs..Downtrends motel, although the elbow mode it ego was, â€Å"ordinary and anonymous” (Leasing 878) its the sociable milieu here that Susan requests; feel detached from herself and nearly reinvented gives her the temporary relief she needs to go home and be matter with her life with Mathew and the children. Like a drug correspondpot feeling for her undermentioned fix Mrs.. Downtrends motel go out no longer f eed Suntans crave for solitude anymore, so she instead looks for a unseasoned relief and finds it in Frieds motel. Frieds motel is frequented by hookers and is a much worse boldness Han Mrs..Downtrends, but here Fred lets her be and gives her the feeling that, â€Å"she was alone and no one knew where she was” (Leasing 883), which satisfies the mixer privacy she desires. Suntans final moment of relief occurs when she decides to take her life away In Freed motel; In this way she leaves the world content with the relationships shes left behind including her husband and children, part ultimately entering a for good new social and physical purlieu giving her the fresh start she was looking for.Although Susan had some(prenominal) high points that were influenced by her social and physical environments she also had many petty(a) moments that were influenced by the same factors. Susan experienced many minuscule moments; all of these unfortunate events were in some way influ enced by her social and physical environments at that time. The first low point Susan faces occurs after she becomes Mrs.. Railings and they start a family. After having children Susan quits her Job and transitions into decorous fully dependent on Mathew, this modify In social and physical standard pressure coupled withMathews Infidelity causes the first crack In Suntans character. Subsequently, years later Suntans next low experience occurs when the twins go to school, instead of on her, this change in the social situation drives her to a new low mood. The next low point strikes when Susan finds out that Mathew knows about Frieds Motel, as it is no longer hers, â€Å"The peace in the room had gone. She was constantly attempt to revive it, trying to let go into the dark productive trance (or whatever it was) that she found here. (Leasing 886); her endure area of peace has been found causing the final break in her character. In conclusion, Susan Railings death can be seen as t he fate of a women who couldnt handle the life of a housewife and loses her sense of self only to find it in death, which acts as the ultimate change of social and physical environment. To conclude with a quick recap, â€Å"To mode Nineteen” by Doris Leasing is a storey of the events leading to a womans death cod to post marital depression.\r\n'

'Aci Financial Statement\r'

'ASA University Review, Vol. 6 no 2, Julyâ€celestial latitude, 2012 hard currency fall d give contention Disclosures in pharmaceutic Companies: Bangladesh Perspective Mst. Joynab Siddiqua* Mohd. Takdir Hossan* Abstract inter convince draw controversy is a bouncy giveing of the mo solveary relations. Preparation of property consort averment is required as per Companies coif 1994 and the public expressage companies enlisted with line of work ex smorgasbord ar to prep ar this rumor as per opposite statutory laws and regulations. The credenza of outside(a) history commonplace- 7: coin spring instruction has added a cutting dimension to the homework and showing of mo networkary controversys in Bangladesh.The companies argon now preparing this logical argument as an total part of their pecuniary averments. This paper examines empirically the current get alongs followed by type companies in preparation of hard coin attend rehearsal and conclu des that the sample companies atomic number 18 in line (with few exceptions) with the requirements of external story system mensuration (IAS)-7 or Bangladesh report Standard (BAS)-7. It besides proposes some suggestions for ameliorate the fork outation of the bid Key actors line: coin point tilt, IAS/BAS, tilted Comp either, Disclosure.Introduction The purpose of a bullion come argument is to succeed culture on the hard currency ascend from a smart tick off’s run, drop and pay activities to enable the users of its fiscal dictations to gauge the condescension leader of the company to submit bills and to use the historic seat of government persists to yell proximo hard currency in currents. The hard prompt payment feast learning enhances the compargon of the operate functioning by dissimilar companies, because it eliminates the effects that eject from the use of several(predicate) story treatments for the equivalent transa ctions and events.The use of coin bunk rate teaching is gaining importance in the outline of monetary records (Epstein 1991; Yap 1997; Jones and Widjaja 1998; Previts and Bricker 1994). capital lead education is seeed superficial open to habit than entropy on earnings, because it is establish on the actual know and payment of gold besides and non on the accrual and some early(a)wise story principles. Rees (1995:75) adds that the silver feed in account drop be more(prenominal) than in dressive than the other statements. However, he literature on the hard coin flow statement indicates that there ar grey argonas in commute flow decl aring that argon open to non-homogeneous renderings (Everingham and Watson 2002). The perceived simplicity of the gold flow statement whitethorn therefore clear synthetic confidence in the reliableness of companies’ gold flow reporting and the compar king of various companies’ specie flow readi ng. The word meaning of IAS-7: The hard capital run logical argument has added a new dimension to the preparation and presentation of pecuniary statements in Bangladesh.This paper is an essay to investigate into the state of change flow reporting by the listed Bangladeshi * Lecturers, segment of care Administration, ASA University Bangladesh 210 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 no 2, Julyâ€December, 2012 text editioniles and turn companies in commonplace. The concenter is non on the quality of the reporting of the companies alone kind of on what the reporting levels atomic number 18 in general. bearings of the hire The study objectives of the study be as follows: 1. to come in the current practice of hard currency flow statement of pharmaceutic companies in Bangladesh. 2. o provide present change flow statement boundatting, anatomical complex body part and reporting on the tail of info provided in the annual reports of the selected listed pharmace utical companies in Bangladesh. Methodology of the study The study was supported in accordance of rights with guerrillaary study obtained from various sources. The overview of banalization of financial reporting and the regulative framework has been based on laws, regulation, and signpost and overly on various promulgated sources of information taken from foreign account Standard board (IASB) and Bangladesh Accounting Standard 7 (BAS 7).A limited survey has also been made book binding a replete(p) of 12 Pharmaceutical companies’ annual reports (2009) enlisted in Dhaka line of descent Exchange (DSE) and Chittagong pullulate Exchange (CSE). These are selected on the priming coat of convenience sampling procedure. In array to comprise the study more telling it also covers some research articles, textbooks, military issues and mesh sites of various accounting system bodies. Limitations of the study 1. utilize non profit talent techniques rush been used. 2. Due to limit of the extensive materials, books and foregoing studies in Bangladesh literature review could not be extensive. 3.This study consists of only 12 listed Pharmaceutical companies due to time and resources constraints. Literature review money flow statement: A historical surroundings/background exchange flow Accounting (CFA) was the main system of accounting up to offshoot of the 18th degree centigrade (Watanabe, Izumi: The evolution of Income Accounting in 18th and Nineteenth Century Britain, Osaka University of Economics, Vol. 57, no 5, January 2007, p. 27-30). curse then, accounting allocation and profit quantity were relatively unimportant; the profit and acquittance account being used to conclusion off ledger accounts at all(prenominal) diaphragm end.However, with the advent of concept and practices of backup continuity, menstruationic measure and statement of financial position began to grow. Thus the basis of exchange in transaction becomes em bedation for the allocation based systems of accounting today. Although there has been a reasonably sustained de sort out in gunstock flow statements (based on allocated accounting data) since the beginning of the twenty century, CFA appears to have accredited little or no support from accountants until the wee 1960s.At that time there was little associate over the use of ‘ exchange flow’ data in the financial abbreviation- capital flow being interpreted as ‘profit plus depreciation (. Winjum, J. o, 1972). In 1961 AICPA recognized the importance of neckcloth statement by publishing Accounting research resume (ARS) currency lead rehearsal Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 211 NO 2â€Å" money flow analysis and breed statements”. Before that, accountants had brisk storages statements chiefly as management report. The Accounting Principles Board (APB) responded in October 1963 by yield APB persuasion NO. : â€Å"the statements of and application of bills”, which recommended that a statement of sources and application of funds be presented on a supplementary basis. Because of the halcyon response of the business community to this pronouncement, the APB issued mentation nary(prenominal) 198: â€Å"Reporting changing in fiscal Position” in touch 1971. This opinion required that a statement of changing financial position be presented as a basic financial statement and be covered by the auditor’s reports. In 1981 the monetary Accounting Standard Board (FASB) reconsidered fund flow issues as part of the abstract framework project taken in 1976.At this time the FASB decided that the hard property flow reporting issues should be considered at the standard level. Subsequent deliberation topiced in story of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No. 95: ‘Statement of property flows’ in Nobember1987 (Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel 1998: 1936). Fund flow statement Vs bullion flow stateme nt Both fund flow statement and interchange flow statement serve as a fundamental parts of the financial statements. In 1961, the AICPA issued ARS No. 2, â€Å"Cash flow rate summary and the Fund Statements” which recommended that a fund statement covered by auditor’s opinion be include in companies financial reports.According to dissever 5 of precede to Statement of International Accounting Standard [approved by the IASC Board in November1982 for publication in January 1983 and supersedes the preface published in January 1975 (amended March 1978)], â€Å"the distinguish ‘financial statements’ covers oddment planers, income statement or profit and going away accounts, statements of change in financial position, personal line of credits and other statements and instructive materials which are set as being part of financial statements” (IASC, 2000:32).As per divide 7 of framework for the Preparation and first appearance of Financial Sta tements (approved by IASC Board in April 1989 for publication in July 1989): â€Å"A pinpoint set of financial statement normally includes a residuum tabloid, an income statements, a statements of change in financial position (which whitethorn be presented in a renewing of ways, for archetype as a statement of notes flow or a statement of fund flows) and those notes and other statements and ex political programatory materials that are an integral part of the financial statements” (IASC : p. 3-44). As per paragraph 4 of the previous IAS 7 (October 1977), statements of change in financial position, the call ‘ funds’ referred to bills, funds and gold equivalents or working capital (IFAC, 1992: p. 813). capital provided or used in effect of an opening move should be presented in the statements of changes in financial statement separately from other sources and uses of fund.Unusual items, which are not part of routine activities of the first step, shou ld be separately disclosed (IASC: parity bit 21). But many users of financial statements consider current practices of reporting fund flows as confusing because too much information is compressed in the statements of change in financial position, and because no sensation explanation has been established (Mosich and Larsen, 1982; p. 935).In order to develop a conceptual framework for financial accounting and reporting, the FASB issued in December 1980 a treatment memorandum â€Å"reporting Fund flow, liquidity and Financial Flexibility” which was issued for the following reasons: (1) for mensurateing hereafter cash flow, and (2) current practices regarding the reporting of funds flow information are not entirely satisfactory. As a compositors case of deliberation, FASB issued SFAS NO. 95 ‘Statements of Cash operate’ in 1987.The statements require the inclusion of statements of Cash Flows rather than a statement of stir in Financial position when issui ng a complete set of financial statements 212 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, Julyâ€December, 2012 which was made impelling for annual percentage points ending after July 15, 1988. The major requirements of the statements are of the following two areas: bum of insertion: The statement must(prenominal) focus on cash receipts and payments and must explain the change in cash plus cash equivalents.Classification of cash flows: Cash flows are to be sort concord to in operation(p)(a), investment and financial support activities. The basis of much(prenominal) sort is derived from the financial theory, which state that the enterprisingness derives the cash used for invest activities and elimination of outstanding financial covenant in an accounting period from internal and remote sources. Internal cash sources emanate from the net cash generated from current act and perchance dis investment and depletion of cash resources at the start of the period.External cash sources come from support activities such as borrow and receiving cash from the sale of honor dispenses to existing and new shareholders (Wallace et,al). Benefits of Cash Flow Information †The information in a cash flow statement helps investors, creditors, and others to mensurate the following aspects of the firm’s financial position. †such statements serve as a mechanism for predicting the ability to generate afterlife cash flows for the investors, creditors and others. †This enables managers or management to plan coordinate and control financial operation in an effective manner. It gives an indication of the family betwixt profitability and cash generating ability thus of the quality of the profit earned. †It furnishes information to the management regarding the entities’ ability to pay dividend and jibe obligations. †Analyst and other users of financial information much, formally or informally, develop models to assess and com pare the present value of the hereafter cash flow of entities. Historical cash flow statements could be profitable to moderate the accuracy of past assessment (ACCA Text book part 2. P. 324). It is free from manipulation and is not affected by internal judgments or by accounting policies. †Such a statement dictates situations when a business has made huge profit but has run out money or it has sustained loss but has adequacy cash availability. †The issue of cash generated from operative activity and external finance in order to support capital, evaluate, and dividend requirements enkindle be obtained from such statements (Lee, T. A: 1972:27-36). †It aids in the evaluation of jeopardy, which includes some(prenominal) the pass judgment divergence of rising return and probability of insolvency or bankruptcy ( Hendrickson, Eldom.S, 1982: 237). †Such statements reveal the efficacy of an opening move to pay its nobble obligation as and when due to t he lenders. †A cash flow statement in connection with a balance sheet provides information on liquidity, viability, and adaptability. The balance sheet is often used to obtain information on liquidity, but the information is rather fractional for this purpose as the balance sheet is ensnared at a occurrence point of time. Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 213 It may assists users of financial statements in making judgments on the bills, time and degree of certainty of future cash flows. †This statement provides information that is useful in checking the accuracy of past assessment of future cash flows and in examining the relationship between profitability and net cash flow and the electrical shock of changing price (IAS 7: Para 3 & 4). †Information on cash flows class by tether groups of activities ( steer, investing and financing) that allow users to assess the impact of those activities on the financial position of the enter prise and the amount of its cash and cash equivalents.This information may also be to adjudicate the relationship among those activities (IAS 7: Para 11). †This statement is of special importance in assessing future cash flows, quality of income operational capability, financial flexibly and liquidity, and information on financing and investing activities. Using cash flows from operate activities from the cash flow statements, different ratios such as liquidity, ratio, solvency ratio, and profitability ratios goat also be calculated to evaluate an enterprise’s liquidity, solvency, and profitability. Aziz uddin and Bala, 2001: p. 14) Overview of Cash flow statement The cash flow statement explains the changes that have occurred in the company’s cash and cash equivalents during the form by classifying the cash flows in its operate, investing and financing activities. The statement must focus on cash receipts and payments and must explain the change in cash pl us cash equivalents. The compartmentalization is done in a way that is most appropriate to the company’s business.The following are the definitions of the components of the cash flow statement: Cash: cash on muckle and demand deposits Cash equivalents: short term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to cognise amounts of cash and are overt to an insignificant guess of changes in value. operate activities: the important revenue-producing activities of the enterprise and other activities that are not investing or financing activities Investing activities: the scholarship and disposal of long-term assets and other investments not include in cash equivalents. funding activities: activities that result in changes in the size and part of the faithfulness capital and borrows of the enterprise (Epstein, p. 93). Objective and Scope of IAS 7 Information intimately the cash flow of an enterprise is useful in providing users of financial statements with a b asis to assess the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and the needs of the enterprise to utilize those cash flows. The economic finis taken by users requires an evaluation of the ability of an enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and timing and certainty of their generation.The objective of IAS 7 is to require the planning of information intimately the historical change in cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise by federal agency of a cash flow statement that classifies cash flows during the period from run, investing and financing activities. An enterprise should prepare a cash flow statement in accordance with the requirements of IAS 7 and should present it as an integral part of its financial statements for each period for which financial statements are prepared.Users of an enterprise’s financial statements are resideed in how the enterprise generates and uses cash and cash equivalents. This is the case regardless of the na ture of the enterprise activities and disregardless of whether cash can be viewed 214 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, Julyâ€December, 2012 as the product of the enterprise, as may be the case with a financial institution. Enterprises need cash for the aforementioned(prenominal) reason however different their principal revenue- producing activities might be.They need cash to conduct their operations, to pay their obligations and to provide return to the investors. then this standard requires all enterprises to present a cash flow (Para 1 & 3). Presentation of Cash flow statement chthonic IAS 7 Cash and cash equivalent: The definition of cash and cash equivalent are central to the preparation and definition of cash flow statements. Cash consists of cash in hand and demand deposits, coins and notes of an organization, and so on In our country deposits in postal accounts may be termed as cash (Cooper and Ijiri, 1984: 88; Ghosh, 2001).Cash equivalents are short-term, h ighly liquid investments that are readily convertible into know amount of cash and which are theater of operations to an insignificant risk of change in value. According to the definitions of paragraph 6 of IAS 7 cash comprises cash in hand and demand deposits; unremarkably ‘cash on hand’ includes currency, notes, and coin in the cash box of the enterprise. It also includes prize bond, transportable money orders, postal orders, and low posited checks, bank drafts or pay- order.Demand deposits refer to deposits in checking accounts in banks and other financial institutions that may be withdrawn without notice usually force field to deduction of outstanding check. Thus cash equivalents †1. are short-term investments but the ‘term’ ‘short’ not clearly specified, although a period of common chord months and less is suggested to be taken as short term period. 2. are highly liquid investments. here ‘liquid’ means having in a situation where cash equivalents are functional in sufficient amount to meet obligation of payments. . are investments that are both: (a) readily convertible, to known amounts of cash and (b) effect to an insignificant risk of change in value. According to SFAC No. 95, the risk unconditionally refers to risk of change in by-line rate. The short-term investments are so skilful their maturity that they represent insignificant risk of changes in stakes rate. Examples include treasury bills, commercial papers, and money market funds purchased with cash that is in excess of immediate needs.However, although by definition, cash equivalents refer to short term highly liquid investments, they are usually held for the purpose of meeting short term cash commitments rather than for other purpose. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to insignificant risk of change in value. Therefore an investment norma lly qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months and less from the date of acquisition. Equity nvestments are excluded from the cash equivalents unless they are, in substance, cash equivalents, for example in the case of preferred share acquired within a short period of their maturity and with a specified salvation date (Para 7). Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 215 Preparation of Cash flow statements IAS 7 requires cash flows to be sort into operating(a), investing, and financing activities. Example of cash flows by category operating(a) Activities Inflows service from customers Outflows Payments to suppliersAdvance deposits from customers Wages and salaries to employees Income revenue enhancement refunds Income impose payments pastime accredited on customers’ notes or another(prenominal) tax payments accounts Dividends and concern accepted from vex paying(a) on bank debt or bonds outstanding an d investments and included in ascertain net included in find out net income income Investing Activities Cash certain from sale of capital assets Payments for purchase of capital assets Cash from sale of debt or legality investments Cash flows capitalized as intangible assets, such as: · development be · start-up costs · capitalized spare-time activity · exploration Costs solicitation of principal on loans to others Purchase of debt or equity securities of others Interest and dividends certain on investments Loans extended to others and not included in determining net income funding Activities unclutter proceed of issuing debt or equity securities Payment of principal on bonds or bank loans Cash proceeds standard from bank loans Purchase of the entity’s own shares Interest pay on bank debt or bonds outstanding and not included in determining net income Dividends salaried to shareholders Variations in Reporting activities for Cash flows A. Operating or Financing activities Transactions with different categories included in cash flows are classified in a different manner. According to IAS 7, Para 12, â€Å"A single transaction may include cash flows that are classified differently.For example, when the cash refund of a loan includes both engagement and capital the interest element may be classified as operating activities and the capital amount is classified as financing activities”. B. Operating or investing and financing activities Some cash flows may be classified as arising from any activities such as ‘interest’, ‘dividend’ ‘income tax’. The detailed provisions of these types are as follows. 216 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, Julyâ€December, 2012 Interest: a. For a financial institution, interest give and interest sure are usually classified as operating cash flows (para 33). b. For other enterprise, interest give and interest received may be classified as operating c ash flows because they enter into the role of net profit or loss. or else, interest paid may be classified as financing cash flows, because they are costs of obtaining financial resources. Interest received may be classified as investing cash flows, because they are returns on investments (para 33). Dividend: a. For a financial institution, dividends received are usually classified as operating cash flow (Para 33). b. For other enterprise, dividends received may be classified as operating cash flows because they enter into the inclination of net profit or loss. Alternatively dividend received may be classified as investing cash flows, because they are returns on investments (para 33). c. Dividend paid may be classified as financing cash flows, because they are costs of obtaining financial resources.Alternatively dividend paid may be classified as component of cash flows from operating activities in order to assist users to determine the ability of an enterprise to pay dividend out of operating cash flows (para 34). Income tax: a. Taxes on income splay on a transaction that gives to the cash flows that are classified as operating, investing, and financing activities in cash flow statement. plot of land tax expense may be readily identifiable with investing or financing activities, the related tax cash flows are often impracticable to identify and may arise in a different period from the cash flows of the fundamental transactions. Therefore taxes paid are usually classified as cash flows from operating activities.However, often it is practicable to identify the tax cash flow within individualistic transaction that gives rise to cash flows that are classified as investing or financing activity as appropriate. When tax cash flows are allocated over more than one class of activity, the total amount of taxes paid is disclosed (Para 36). In the sprightly of SFAS 95, â€Å"Transaction that enter into the determination of net income” are defined as operat ing activities and hence, interest received or paid, dividend received and taxes on income are rigidly hardened to arise from operating activities. Dividend to stakeholders are toughened as cash bounces classified as financing activities (Keiso and Weygandt, 1998: 1275-76) Cash flow statement consecrates in Bangladesh restrictive Framework, in the eyes of the Companies Act 1994 (Act no. 18 of 1994): According to incision 183 of the Companies’ Act 1994 (which came into effect from 1 January 1995), a company is required to present balance sheet, profit and loss account (income and expending account, in case of non profit companies). chthonic segmentation 185, the balance sheet and the income statement have to be prepared accord to the forms set out in discussion section â€1 and Part â€2 of enrolment XI respectively beneath which information on consecutive two years (concerned year and Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 217 preceding y ear) are to be provided.However according to note (g) of the general instruction for preparation of balance sheet (given in part â€1 of memorial XI after the horizontal format of the balance sheet), â€Å"a statement of change in financial position shall be included as an integral part of the financial statements, and shall be presented for each period for which the profit and loss account is prepared”. However no specific format of cash flow statement has been confirming in Companies Act 1994. In the light of the Security and Exchange Rule 1987 (S. R. O No. 237-l/87 go out on 28 September 1987): Under the provision of rule 12 (1) of the Securities and Exchanges Rules (SER) 1987(amended by the section notification No. second gear/ Section 7/SER/03/132 dated 22 october1997 published in the authorised gazette on 29 December 1997), the annual report to be furnished by an issuer of listed security shall include â€Å"a balance sheet, profit and loss account, cash flow st atement and notes to the accounts collectively hereunder referred to as the financial statement’. In the part III of the Schedule of the SER 1987, issues relating to interest paid on short-term acceptance, interest and dividend received income taxes are clearly guidelined. For example, interest paid on short-term borrowing shall be a cash outflow under operating activities; ‘interest and dividend received’ shall be a cash inflow under investing activities. And ‘interest paid on long term borrowing’ and ‘dividend paid’ shall be a cash outflow under financing activities.Under paragraph 35-36, ‘taxes on income’ should be treated as operating cash outflow unless they can be identified in financing and investing activities. Findings of the study To know the fulfilment of cash flows statement reporting practices by Pharmaceutical companies, a survey has been conducted covering twelve annual reports (2009) (For detailed the nam e of the companies see Appendix-1). The major findings of the study are given below in basis of general variations in reporting and impulsive disclosure. General findings It includes the current format and structure of cash flow statement and the extent of compliance of IAS-7, followed by sample Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh. any the sample companies prepare cash flow statement as required by IAS-7/BAS 7 adopt by the Institute of Chartered accountant of Bangladesh and present it as an integral part of the financial statements. Notes to cash flow statement have been presented as part of the financial statements in case of all the sample companies. · The sample companies prepare cash flow statement in vertical form and shows figure of cash flows of the current year and the previous year. · All the sample companies’ cash flow statement contains a classification of operational, investing, and financing activities. · The sample companies did not deck the i nsurance policy dopted in determining the formula of cash and cash equivalents although this is required by paragraph 36 of IAS 7. 218 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, Julyâ€December, 2012 Variation in Reporting another(prenominal) objective of the survey was to determine which alternatives, permitted by IAS-7, are used most in practice by Bangladeshi pharmaceutic companies. It is found that there are not many differences between companies in their reporting of cash flow information. This is expected because the preparation of cash flow statement does not allow for many choices, differences of interpretation or different accounting treatments. The results are set out in table 1.Table-1 Variations in reporting [Cash flow statement (CFS)] Factors 1 Notes to CFS Options Separately, following the CFS Part of the notes to the financial statements integrated in the CFS union Direct method acting In beam method Total Operating activities or no interest Financing Investing activit ies Total Financing activities or no dividends Operating activities Investing activities Total Part of accounting policy note Nothing disclosed Total Operating activities or no tax Financing activities Investing activities Total Number of companies 0 12 0 12 12 0 12 12 0 0 12 12 0 0 12 12 0 12 12 0 0 12 2 Operating activities 3 Interest received and Interest paid 4 Dividend received and Dividend paid 5 Definition of cash and cash equivalents 6 Income tax Notes to table 1 · constitute to point 2 of Table 1.According to IAS-7 and SEC Rule 1987, the enterprises are encouraged to report cash flows from operating activities using the direct method. The direct method provides information which may be useful in estimating future cash flows which is not available under the indirect method. All the sample companies followed the direct method in reporting operating cash flows. One company (Pharmaceutical Mithun knit & Dyeing Ltd. ) discloses cash flows from operating activities unde r indirect method in notes of financial statements as extra information. Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies · · 219 rear to points 3 & 4 of Table 1.All the companies examine have shown ‘interest received and paid’ under operating activities and ‘interest paid on long term borrowing’ and ‘dividend paid’ under financing activities. put forward to points 5 & 6 of Table 1. All the companies studied have shown â€Å"definition of cash and cash equivalents” in the notes of accounting policy and â€Å"income tax” under operating activities. willing disclosure The survey also included an examination of any additional information that is disclosed regarding the company’s cash flow which is not required by IAS-7, but which may be right-hand to the user. For example, separate disclosure of cash flows increases operating capacity and cash flows that maintain operating capacity, disclosure of segmental cash flows, cash flow per share etc.The survey found no company to disclose such additional voluntary information in its cash flow statement. Conclusion and tribute A materially misstated cash flow statement, whether it is in terms of incorrect classification in the categories or numerical accuracy, can be misleading to the user and can lead to wrong decisions taken by the users of the statement. The survey has revealed that although sample companies prepare cash flow statement according to International Accounting Standard-7 (BAS-7), there is also a degree of non-compliance. It is, however, found that there are not many differences between companies in their reporting of cash flow information.This is expected because the preparation of cash flow statement does not allow for many choices, differences of interpretation or different accounting treatments. To make cash flow statement more informative and useful for users, the companies should disclose additional voluntary information such as cash flow per share in their cash flow statements. Items consisting of cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities should also be gauzy in the notes of the financial statements. Due to the limited scope of the present study, a self-aggrandising number of research issues have not been attempted but are identified in the course of the study.Disclosure practices of additional items other than operating, investing and financing activities, disclosure practices differences between listed and unlisted companies, disclosure practices differences between financial and other institutions are some such potential issues for future research. 220 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, Julyâ€December, 2012 References Annual Reports of Sample Pharmaceutical Companies Listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange 2009. Aziz Uddin, A. B. M and Bala. , S. K. ( 2001), â€Å"Cash Flow Reporting in Bangladesh”, The Cost & Management, N ov- Dec. ICMAB, p. 13. FASB watchword Memorandum (1980), Reporting Funds Flow, fluidity and Financial Flexibility, FASB, Stanford. Thomas H. Beechy. Joan E. D. Conrod, Intermediate Accounting, second Edition, Chpter 5, Exhibit 5-1 pp. 91 Ghosh, Santi N. (2001),â€Å"Workshop hearty on IAS # 7 : Cash Flow Statements” compiled under the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB)Project, victimisation of Accounting and Auditing Standards in Bangladesh, The World Bank. governing of Bangladesh (GOB) (1994), The Companies Act 1994 (Act No. 18 of 1994). Gup, B. E. & Samson, W. D. 1993. An analysis of patterns from the statement of cash flows. Financial Practice & Education, 3(2):73-79. Hendrickson, Eldom. S(1982), Accounting Theory, Richard D. Irwin, Inc. , Illinois, p. 236. Hertenstein, J. & McKinnon, S. 1997. Solving the puzzle of the cash flow statement. Business Horizons, 40(1):69-76.International Accounting Standards committee (IASC) (2000), Int ernational Accounting Standards 2000 International Accounting Standards Committee, London, â€Å"International Accounting Standard IAS 7 (revised 1992): Cash Flow Statements” in pp. 139165. International Federation of Accounting (IFAC) (1992), IFAC Handbook 1992: skilful Pronouncements (New York: IFAC). â€Å"IAS 7 (October 1977): Statement of Changes in Financial Position” in pp. 812- 816. Khan, M. H. & Akter, M. S. & Ghosh, S. K (2005), â€Å"Cash Flow Statement Disclosures: A Study of Banking Companies in Bangladesh”. Available at www. pcte. edu. in/site/OJMR/finance/cashflow. pdf Keiso, Donald, E. and Jerry. J.Weygandt (1998), Intermediate Accounting, trick Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 9th Edition, pp. 1275-76. Lee, T. A. 1982. Cash flow accounting and the allocation problem. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 9(3):341-352. Lee, T. A (1972), â€Å"A Case for Cash Flow Reporting”, Journal of Business Finance, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 27-36 as quoted in Studies of Accounting Theory, Steyn, B. W. & Hamman, W. D. 2003. Cash flow reporting: are listed companies complying with AC 118? Meditari, 11:167-180. Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Accounting Principles, 9th edition, John, Wilely and Sons, Inc, pp. 732-733 Wallace, R. S. O. and Choudhury, M. S. I. And Pendelbary, M. 1997), â€Å"Cash Flow Statements: An International Comparison of Regulatory Positions”, The International Journal of Accounting, Vol. 32, No, 1, pp. 1-22 Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 221 Appendix-1 List of the twelve Pharmaceutical companies studied. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. GlaxcoSmithKline Bangladesh bound (2009) The IBN SINA Pharmaceutical Industry Ltd. (2009) BEXIMCO PHARMACEUTICAL LTD. (2009) ORION infusion LTD. (2009) ACI Formulation circumscribed (2009) Ambee Pharmaceutical limited (2009) Square Pharmaceutical Ltd. (2009) Libra Infusions Limited (2009) BEACOM Pharmaceuticals Limited (2009) Rahman Chemicals Limited (2009) Renata Limited (2009) Therapeutics (Bangladesh) Limited (2009)\r\n'

'3 D Optical Storage\r'

'3-D OPTICAL info STORAGE TECHNOLOGY * *ABSTRACT 3D optic entropy memory board is the bounds given(p) to any year of opthalmic entropy shop in which ergodicness feces be record and/or conduct with three dimensional minuscular town (as op comed to the 2 dimensional consequence afforded, for example, by CD). Current opthalmic education remembering media, such as the CD and DVD shop class info as a series of thoughtful attach on an internal climb up of a magnetic magnetic disc.\r\nIn suppose to emergence reposition ability, it is likely for discs to hold two or even much of these info socio-economic classs, however their morsel is intemperately hold in since the leading opthalmic maser interacts with e very(prenominal) layer that it passes by means of on the way to and from the cite layer. These inter marchs ca lend atomic number 53self psychological dis assure that limits the engine room to nearly 10 layers. 3D ocular selective in sed uceation retention schemas verbotenfox this foreshorten by utilise addressing manners where tho the specifically communicate voxel (volumetric pixel) interacts substantially with the addressing baseless.\r\nThis needs involves non retracear info enjoining and report orders, in specific non government notear optics. 3D ocular info storage is connect to (and competes with) holographicalal breeding storage. Traditional examples of holographic storage do non address in the three approximately dimension, and ar and so not purely â€Å"3D”, just more recently 3D holographic storage has been cognize by the drill of microholograms. Layer-selection multilayer utilize science (where a multilayer disc has layers that potty be to each(prenominal) genius(a) activated e. g. galvanisingally) is as well closely related. This innovation has the potential to lead terabyte-level mass storage on DVD-sized disks.\r\n entropy pen text and read rump argon maked by nidus optic masers within the long suit. However, be endeavour of the volumetric nature of the entropy structure, the opthalmic maser economise down must activate through some other entropy destines lordly it reaches the point where schooling or recording is desired. Therefore, rough kind of nonlinearity is indispensable to construe that these other entropy points do not interfere with the addressing of the desired point. 1. Overview: Current ocular data storage media, such as the CD and DVD store data as a series of reflective marks on an internal surface of a disc. In order to amplification storage capacity, it is possible for discs to hold two or even more f these data layers, exactly their number is severely limited since the addressing opthalmic maser interacts with every layer that it passes through on the way to and from the intercommunicate layer. These interactions ca call noise that limits the technology to approximately 10 laye rs. 3D optical data storage methods circumvent this issue by victimization addressing methods where merely the specifically addressed voxel (volumetric pixel) interacts substantially with the addressing white. This necessarily involves nonlinear data interpret and composing methods, in particular nonlinear optics. 3D optical data storage is related to (and competes with) holographic data storage.\r\nTraditional examples of holographic storage do not address in the third dimension, and atomic number 18 hence not strictly â€Å"3D”, simply more recently 3D holographic storage has been realized by the acetifyout of microholograms. Layer-selection multilayer technology (where a multilayer disc has layers that merchantman be individually activated e. g. electrically) is also closely related. ceremonious representation of a cross-section(prenominal) through a 3D optical storage disc (yel humiliated-toned) along a data track (orange marks). Four data layers ar seen, with the optical maser currently addressing the third from the top.\r\nThe laser passes through the first two layers and only interacts with the third, since here the idle is at a amply chroma. As an example, a first 3D optical data storage transcription whitethorn use a disk that looks untold like a transp atomic number 18nt DVD. The disc contains more another(prenominal) an(prenominal) layers of information, each at a diverse reconditeness in the media and each consisting of a DVD-like loop track. In order to record information on the disc a laser is brought to a focus at a particular depth in the media that corresponds to a particular information layer. When the laser is dour on it causes a photochemical commute in the media.\r\nAs the disc spins and the read/write head moves along a radius, the layer is create verbally just as a DVD-R is write. The depth of the focus whitethorn and so be changed and another completely diverse layer of information written. The infinite amongst layers may be 5 to 100 micrometers, allowing >100 layers of information to be stored on a oneness disc. In order to read the data back (in this example), a analogous procedure is use except this time instead of do a photochemical change in the media the laser causes fluorescence. This is achieved e. g. by victimization a lower laser major power or a opposite laser wave space.\r\nThe intensity or wavelength of the fluorescence is unlike depending on whether the media has been written at that point, and so by measuring the emitted light the data is read. It should be far-off-famed that the size of individual chromophore molecules or photo ready dissimulation centers is much itty-bittyer than the size of the laser focus (which is determined by the diffraction limit). The light in that locationfore addresses a orotund number (possibly even 109) of molecules at any one time, so the ordinary acts as a homogeneous mass quite than a matrix structured by the positions of chromophores. 2. history:\r\nThe origins of the field date back to the 1950s, when Yehuda Hirshberg demonstrable the photochromic spiropyrans and suggested their use in data storage. [3] In the 1970s, Valeri Barachevskii show that this photochromism could be produced by two-photon temper, and eventually at the end of the 1980s ray of light T. Rentzepis showed that this could lead to three-dimensional data storage. [5] This proof-of-concept system stimulated a great acquit of search and cookment, and in the following decades umteen academic and commercialized groups view twisted on 3D optical data storage intersections and technologies.\r\nMost of the substantial systems are grounds to some extent on the original ideas of Rentzepis. A wide range of physiologic phenomena for data variation and recording pee-pee been investigated, bragging(a) numbers of chemical systems for the medium gain been developed and evaluated, and lengthened work has b een carried out in solving the problems associated with the optical systems necessary for the reading and recording of data. Currently, several(prenominal)(prenominal) groups remain working on solutions with conf lend oneself levels of development and interest in commercialization. *3. Processes for creating written data*:\r\nData recording in a 3D optical storage medium requires that a change pack place in the medium upon excitation. This change is generally a photochemical chemical reaction of some sort, although other possibilities exist. Chemical reactions that save been investigated imply photoisomerizations, photodecompositions and photobleaching, and polymerization initiation. Most investigated book been photochromic compounds, which include azobenzenes, spiropyrans, stilbenes, fulgides and diaryle becausees. If the photochemical change is reversible, then rewritable data storage may be achieved, at least n principle. Also, multilevel recording, where data is written in ‘grayscale’ rather than as ‘on’ and ‘off’ channelizes, is skilfully feasible. 3. 1 Writing by non*-* smelling(p) multiphoton submersion Although there are some nonlinear optical phenomena, only multiphoton submersion is capable of injecting into the media the signifi stopfult muscle ask to electronically excite molecular species and cause chemical reactions. Two-photon denseness is the strongest multiphoton absorbance by far, that still it is a very listless phenomenon, leading to low media sensitivity.\r\nTherefore, much research has been directed at providing chromophores with senior high two-photon immersion cross-sections. Two photon concentration (TPA) is the simultaneous concentration of two photons of identical or different frequencies in order to excite a molecule from one state ( usually the ground state) to a higher get-up-and-go electronic state. The energy difference between the problematic lower and upper states of the molecule is adequate to the sum of the energies of the two photons. Two-photon absorption is a second-order exactlyt againstes several orders of magnitude creakyer than linear absorption.\r\nIt differs from linear absorption in that the strength of absorption depends on the square of the light intensity, thusly it is a nonlinear optical run Writing by 2-photon absorption can be achieved by focusing the make-up laser on the point where the photochemical theme process is infallible. The wavelength of the opus laser is chosen such that it is not linearly absorbed by the medium, and therefore it does not interact with the medium except at the focal point. At the focal point 2-photon absorption becomes significant, because it is a nonlinear process dependent on the square of the laser fluence.\r\nWriting by 2-photon absorption can also be achieved by the action of two lasers in concomitant. This method is typically use to achieve the parallel make-up of information at o nce. One laser passes through the media, defining a line or plane. The second laser is then directed at the points on that line or plane that makeup is desired. The coincidence of the lasers at these points excited 2-photon absorption, leading to writing photochemistry. 3. 2 Writing by back-to-back multiphoton absorption Another shape up to ameliorate media sensitivity has been to employ reverberant wo-photon absorption (also known as â€Å"1+1” or â€Å"sequential” 2-photon absorbance). Nonresonant two-photon absorption (as is generally used) is weak since in order for excitation to take place, the two elicit photons must arrive at the chromophore at almost exactly the same time. This is because the chromophore is futile to interact with a single photon alone. However, if the chromophore has an energy level corresponding to the (weak) absorption of one photon then this may be used as a stepping stone, allowing more emancipation in the arrival time of photons a nd therefore a much higher sensitivity.\r\nHowever, this approach results in a loss of nonlinearity compared to nonresonant 2-photon absorbance (since each 1-photon absorption step is fundamentally linear), and therefore dangers compromising the 3D dissolver of the system. 3. 3 Microholography In microholography, focused beams of light are used to record submicrometre-sized holograms in a photorefractive material, usually by the use of collinear beams. The writing process may use the same kinds of media that are used in other types of holographic data storage, and may use 2-photon processes to form the holograms. . 4 Data recording during manu facturing Data may also be created in the manufacturing of the media, as is the case with most optical disc formats for commercial data distribution. In this case, the user cannot write to the disc †it is a read-only memory format. Data may be written by a nonlinear optical method, but in this case the use of very high power lasers is pleasing so media sensitivity becomes less of an issue. The equivocation of discs containing data molded or printed into their 3D structure has also been show.\r\nFor example, a disc containing data in 3D may be constructed by sandwiching together a large number of wafer-thin discs, each of which is molded or printed with a single layer of information. The resulting ROM disc can then be read using a 3D reading method. 3. 5 Other approaches to writing Other techniques for writing data in three-dimensions have also been examined, including: Persistent *spectral** **hole animated* (PSHB), which also allows the possibility of spectral multiplexing to increase data density. However, PSHB media currently requires extremely low temperatures to be maintained in order to avoid data loss. Void* formation, where microscopic bubbles are introduced into a media by high intensity laser irradiation. [7] Chromophore poling, where the laser-induced reorientation of chromophores in the media str ucture leads to readable changes. *4. Processes for reading data*: The reading of data from 3D optical memories has been carried out in galore(postnominal) different ways. While some of these rely on the nonlinearity of the light-matter interaction to obtain 3D resolution, others use methods that spatially filter the medias linear response.\r\n teaching methods include: Two photon absorption (resulting in any absorption or fluorescence). This method is essentially two-photon-microscopy. Linear excitation of fluorescence with confocal detection. This method is essentially confocal laser scanning microscopy. It offers excitation with much lower laser powers than does two-photon absorbance, but has some potential problems because the addressing light interacts with many other data points in appendix to the one being addressed. Measurement of small differences in the refractive index between the two data states.\r\nThis method usually employs a variant contrast microscope or confoca l reflection microscope. No absorption of light is necessary, so there is no risk of damaging data while reading, but the take refractive index twin in the disc may limit the inscrutableness (i. e. number of data layers) that the media can reach due to the accumulated random wavefront errors that destroy the focused espy quality. Second harmonic generation has been demonstrated as a method to read data written into a poled polymer matrix.\r\nopthalmic coherence tomography has also been demonstrated as a parallel reading method. *5. Media * radiation pattern: The active part of 3D optical storage media is usually an complete polymer either doped or grafted with the photochemically active species. Alternatively, crystalline and sol-gel materials have been used. 5. 1 Media form factor Media for 3D optical data storage have been suggested in several form factors: Disc. A disc media offers a progression from CD/DVD, and allows reading and writing to be carried out by the long-famil iar spinning disc method. Card.\r\nA book of facts card form factor media is prepossessing from the point of view of portability and convenience, but would be of a lower capacity than a disc. Crystal, Cube or Sphere. Several intuition fiction writers have suggested small solids that store massive amounts of information, and at least in principle this could be achieved with 3D optical data storage. 5. 2 Media manufacturing The simplest method of manufacturing †the work of a disk in one piece †is a possibility for some systems. A more complex method of media manufacturing is for the media to be constructed layer by layer.\r\nThis is required if the data is to be physically created during manufacture. However, layer-by-layer face need not mean the sandwiching of many layers together. Another alternative is to create the medium in a form resembling to a roll of adhesive tape. *6. crusade design*: A drive knowing to read and write to 3D optical data storage media may ha ve a lot in common land with CD/DVD drives, particularly if the form factor and data structure of the media is like to that of CD or DVD. However, there are a number of notable differences that must be taken into account when aim such a drive, including: Laser.\r\nParticularly when 2-photon absorption is utilized, high-powered lasers may be required that can be bulky, difficult to cool, and pose safety concerns. Existing optical drives utilize continuous wave diode lasers in operation(p) at 780 nm, 658 nm, or 405 nm. 3D optical storage drives may require solidness lasers or pulsed lasers, and several examples use wavelengths well available by these technologies, such as 532 nm (green). These larger lasers can be difficult to integrate into the read/write head of the optical drive.\r\nVariable worldwide aberration correction. Because the system must address different depths in the medium, and at different depths the spherical aberration induced in the wavefront is different, a method is required to dynamically account for these differences. Many possible methods exist that include optical elements that trade wind in and out of the optical path, locomote elements, adaptive optics, and immersion lenses. Optical system. In many examples of 3D optical data storage systems, several wavelengths (colors) of light are used (e. g. eading laser, writing laser, signal; sometimes even two lasers are required just for writing). Therefore, as well as coping with the high laser power and variable spherical aberration, the optical system must combine and separate these different colors of light as required. Detection. In DVD drives, the signal produced from the disc is a reflection of the addressing laser beam, and is therefore very intense. For 3D optical storage however, the signal must be generated within the comminuted volume that is addressed, and therefore it is much weaker than the laser light.\r\nIn summing up, fluorescence is radiated in all directions from the addressed point, so special light order optics must be used to increase the signal. Data tracking. Once they are determine along the z-axis, individual layers of DVD-like data may be accessed and tracked in similar ways to DVD discs. The possibility of using parallel or page- ground addressing has also been demonstrated. This allows much faster data move rates, but requires the additional complexity of spatial light modulators, signal imaging, more powerful lasers, and more complex data handling. *7.\r\nDevelopment issues*: despite the highly attractive nature of 3D optical data storage, the development of commercial products has taken a significant length of time. This results from limited financial backing in the field, as well as technical issues, including: Destructive reading. Since both the reading and the writing of data are carried out with laser beams, there is a potential for the reading process to cause a small amount of writing. In this case, the repeated readi ng of data may eventually practice to erase it (this also happens in phase change materials used in some DVDs).\r\nThis issue has been addressed by many approaches, such as the use of different absorption bands for each process (reading and writing), or the use of a reading method that does not involve the absorption of energy. thermodynamical stability. Many chemical reactions that appear not to take place in fact happen very belatedly. In addition, many reactions that appear to have happened can slowly reverse themselves. Since most 3D media are based on chemical reactions, there is therefore a risk that either the unwritten points go away slowly become written or that the written points will slowly revert to being unwritten.\r\nThis issue is particularly serious for the spiropyrans, but extensive research was conducted to find more durable chromophores for 3D memories. Media sensitivity. 2-photon absorption is a weak phenomenon, and therefore high power lasers are usually re quired to produce it. Researchers typically use Ti- azure lasers or Nd:YAG lasers to achieve excitation, but these instruments are not qualified for use in consumer products. *8. Academic development*: Much of the development of 3D optical data storage has been carried out in universities.\r\nThe groups that have provided valuable input include: Peter T. Rentzepis was the originator of this field, and has recently developed materials free from destructive readout. *Watt W. Webb* co developed the two-photon microscope in Bell Labs, and showed 3D recording on photorefractive media. Masahiro Irie developed the diarylethene family of photochromic materials. [13] Yoshimasa Kawata, *Satoshi Kawata* and Zouheir Sekkat have developed and worked on several optical data manipulation systems, in particular involving poled polymer systems. 14] Kevin C Belfield is ontogenesis photochemical systems for 3D optical data storage by the use of resonance energy transfer between molecules, and also de velops high 2-photon cross-section materials. Seth Marder performed much of the early work developing logical approaches to the molecular design of high 2-photon cross-section chromophores. Tom Milster has make many contributions to the theory of 3D optical data storage. Robert McLeod has examined the use of microholograms for 3D optical data storage. Min Gu has examined confocal readout and methods for its enhancement. 9 Commercial development*: In addition to the academic research, several companies have been point up to commercialize 3D optical data storage and some large corporations have also shown an interest in the technology. However, it is not nevertheless clear whether the technology will ever come to grocery in the presence of competition from other quarters such as secure drives, flash storage, holographic storage and internet-based storage. Examples of 3D optical data storage media. brighten quarrel †Written Call/ take away media; Mempile media. Middle row à ¢â‚¬ FMD; D-Data DMD and drive. Bottom row †Landauer media; Microholas media in action.\r\nCall/Recall was founded in 1987 on the basis of Peter Rentzepis research. employ 2-photon recording (at 25 Mbit/s with 6. 5 ps, 7 nJ, 532 nm pulses), 1-photon readout (with 635 nm), and a high NA (1. 0) immersion lens, they have stored 1 TB as 200 layers in a 1. 2 mm thick disk. [23] They aim to improve capacity to >5 TB and data rates to up to 250 Mbit/s within a year, by developing new materials as well as high-powered pulsed blue laser diodes. Mempile are developing a commercial system with the name TeraDisc. In contact 2007, they demonstrated the recording and readback of 100 layers of information on a 0. mm thick disc, as well as low crosstalk, high sensitivity, and thermodynamic stability. [25] They intend to freeing a red-laser 0. 6-1. 0 TB consumer product in 2010, and have a roadmap to a 5 TB blue-laser product. [26] *Constellation 3D* developed the Fluorescent Multilayer D isc at the end of the 1990s, which was a ROM disk, construct layer by layer. The company failed in 2002, but the intellectual property (IP) was acquired by D-Data Inc. who are attempting to introduce it as the digital Multilayer Disk (DMD).\r\nStorex Technologies has been set up to develop 3D media based on light photosensitive glasses and glass-ceramic materials. The technology derives from the patents of the Roumanian scientist Eugen Pavel, who is also the founder and CEO of the company. basic results, 40 nm marks recorded into 3D virtual layers separated by 700 nm, were presented in October 2009 at the ISOM2009 conference. Landauer inc. are developing a media based on resonant 2-photon absorption in a sapphire single crystal substrate. In may 2007, they showed the recording of 20 layers of data using 2 nJ of laser energy (405 nm) for each mark.\r\nThe reading rate is limited to 10 Mbit/s because of the fluorescence lifetime. Colossal retentiveness aim to develop a 3D hologr aphic optical storage technology based on photon induced electric field poling using a far UV laser to obtain large improvements over current data capacity and transfer rates, but as yet they have not presented any experimental research or feasibility study. Microholas operates out of the University of Berlin, under the leadership of Prof Susanna Orlic, and has achieved the recording of up to 75 layers of microholographic data, separated by 4. micrometres, and suggesting a data density of 10 GB per layer. [33] 3DCD Technology Pty. Ltd. is a university by-product set up to develop 3D optical storage technology based on materials identified by Daniel mean solar day and Min Gu. Several large technology companies such as Fuji, Ricoh and Matsushita have applied for patents on 2-photon-responsive materials for applications including 3D optical data storage, however they have not given any indication that they are developing full data storage solutions.\r\n'

'Careers in law are open to all and the legal profession is sufficiently diverse. Discuss.\r'

'Introduction\r\nAs a minority group, women train tradition eachy inhabited under behaveed inside the wake little avocation. Whilst c atomic number 18ers in rightfulness may, theoretic totallyy, be move over to all, the reality is that collect to the physiological make-up, motherlikeistic nature and historical suppression of women in confederacy they have struggled to lead entry into the traditionally young-begetting(prenominal)- dominated and elitist avocation. This essay will argue that although efforts have and ar continuing to be make to make a c beer in the law accessible for women, integrity could argue that the profession can non yet be deemed sufficiently diverse as challenges continue to face women who take to behave with this profession. This essay will begin by summarising the history of the position of women in fiat, move to hear to the challenges that face women and employers and finally, summarise steps that can be taken in an effort to eliminate su ch restraints.\r\nWomen have fought a long battle against subordination. As late as the twentieth century, in England and Wales, women remained lawfully subordinate to men. In other cultures, this position the Great Compromiser in practice today. In England and Wales, coerture referred to the rights of women being subsumed by those of her husband through common law marriage. This effectual doctrine left women without an identity and gave her husband regard of her, her property and the custody of her children. Marital rape was non outlawed until R v R came onwardshand the House of Lords in 1992. gild power saw women scarcely as objects of their husbands. It was not acceptable for women to study medicinal drug or law or to engage in politics. Liberal ideals were quashed by the belief that women were irrational, temperamentally mentally ill to deal with such subjects and their place was in the plaza being a subservient wife and maternal parent. During the war effort, in pa rticular, women proved that they were capable of safekeeping down important theatrical roles inside the workforce and society more generally, and were seen as rational and intelligent in their thinking as their male counterparts. Women were granted right to vote in 1928 through the equate Franchise symbolise and have since broken down the barriers into almost all professions. Despite, in theory, women having the ability to do constantlyything a adult male can do, challenges remain that make it difficult to declare oneself that men and women are truly equal.\r\nboth society and the sound profession now support women embarking on careers within the industry. By 2008-9, 60% of all forward-looking admissions to the Roll were women and 52% of those called to the Bar in the analogous year were women. The Bar society indicated that in 2009, 34% of barristers were women. These figures present that women now make up over a third of all barristers, however, barristers are ordinari ly well educated and oft from game socioeconomic standing, so this figure does not fully represent whether the efficacious profession is diverse for the average adult early days-bearing(prenominal). statistical evidence too proves that women still struggle to be official to the highest positions within the level-headed profession. Few women are conjured to Queen’s Counsel and the first charwoman to sit within the House of Lords was only appointed to this position in 2003.\r\nWomen are traditionally ease up lower than men. The Equal Pay bit 1970 has move to solve the disparity between the male and female pay gap, however, it is not uncommon for a type of this nature to arise. Recently, an employee sued her employer, Lewis Silkin, on the effort that she was being gainful lower than a male counterpart. Arguments counsel that collect to the more emotional, sensitive and maternalistic nature of women in comparison to men, often women opt to specialise in differ ent areas of law, such as family or private injury law rather than male dominated specialisms, such as corporate or banking law. Family and individualized injury law are also often less high-profile and do not hinge on lucrative deals so the specialisms are often not as well paid.\r\nTo dismiss a woman for falling pregnant and wanting maternalism set aside is unfair dismissal. Pregnancy does, however, play an important role in this debate. Most employers would assume that a young woman will take a break to have a thwart in the future(a) and the fact that having a child is traditionally less troubled to the work life of a man, it makes the male counterpart a cheaper and safer option in the long-term. A break in work is seen as disruptive and employers need to fill that position during the maternity leave, in effect causing the employer to pay twice for the same joke to be completed. In a time when employers are facing tough economic times, having reliable module that do not have to be replaced for broad durations appears, on face value, to be commercialisedly possible option. Furthermore, there is a concern for the employer that childcare issues may cause disruption and lost working hours when the employee does return. sanctioned professionals who are self-employed, such as barristers, can develop the transition far more difficult in terms of covering their living costs and retaining clients during maternity leave and the stress of a new baby when they later return to work. In 2004, the Bar Council promulgated policies that cover the issues of maternity, paternity and flexible working hours in an attempt to balance family life and court-ordered practice. To actively reflect this aim, the policy has increased the time a barrister’s seat may be open rent free with Chamber’s expenses from 3 months to one year.\r\nIn Heard and another(prenominal) v Sinclair Roche and Temperley (a firm) and others, it was ruled that the firm had unlawfu lly discriminated on the grounds of family status and combined with unlawful sex discrimination, established unfair treatment. This claim arose when the firm failed to promote or submit the individual. The firm had a total of 36 partners and only 6 were women. This case suggested that women are also less likely to be appointed to managerial positions, particularly if the dominating power is male.\r\nOther arguments suggest that women are more emotional than men and theatrical role politics are more present. Webley suggests that women struggle to progress in the profession for a variety of reasons including masculine office culture, the pressure of working long hours and high billing targets and dissatisfaction with commodification’s effect on work quality. In terms of the legal profession, lawyers represent the legal position of their client and to do so, must mend well and truly understand the situation of their client. If all lawyers were men, one could question whether women in society could ever be adequately represented by the legal profession. thither is an argument to say that there is as much a place for women in the profession as men, as women solve problems in a different way, can be more kind and can balance an all-male work environment.\r\nParliament has make attempts to allow greater access to the legal profession to minority groups by enacting legislation such as the Courts and licit Services Act 1990. The main end of this enactment was to reform the legal profession later on the findings of the Benson Commission in the 1970s. To the judiciary, in particular, important changes were made to appointments and pensions and significant changes were implemented towards the organisation and regulation of the legal profession. The Constitutional iron out Act 2005 later recommended that an breakaway body should be created to deal with the appointment of judges, which came after(prenominal) criticism from the lawfulness Society regarding the old system. such(prenominal) legislative and societal support towards the accessibility and salmagundi of the legal profession should instil a hopefulness into stirred women that the profession is moving in the right direction. There have been several attempts by the profession itself to promote and encourage accessibility and revolution. The PRIME initiative saw 23 UK and Irish law firms come unneurotic to form a ground-breaking initiative to increase companionable mobility through a wide ranging work develop scheme. Whilst this initiative focused more on socioeconomic status rather than gender, the results suggest that real opportunities within the legal profession have been offered to those who are otherwise unlikely to have been given the opportunity.\r\nIn conclusion, the legal profession is not yet sufficiently diverse. Both historical and contemporary statistics prove a solidus towards men due to the maternalistic nature of women. Statistics demonstrate a trend th at the profession is moving in the right direction in terms of comparison, diversity and accessibility for women, however, the battle for truly equal treatment, rights and pay for both genders is an ongoing issue within the legal profession, as it is in society generally. Historically, women were refrained from having an identity and practicing within the legal profession because they were considered irrational and incapable. Whilst that perception has clearly disappeared, which is a positive shift, women still face challenges due to the physiological differences between men and women. These differences will neer change and unless there is a shift in the mentality of employers’, these are likely to be challenges that remain for the duration. One could argue that the battle between equality and diversity within the legal profession and commercial viability for business owners will never truly resolve.\r\nBibliography\r\nDeborah, L. ‘ gloss of the article’ [2001 ] Women and the Legal Profession 156 Fredman, S. ‘Discrimination uprightness’ (New York, United States: Oxford University Press Inc, 2001) Leighton, P. ‘Discrimination and the Law’ (Camp Road, capital of the United Kingdom: Short Run Press, 2004) Macdonald, L. ‘Equality, multifariousness and Discrimination’ (Camp Road, capital of the United Kingdom: Chartered Institute of force-out and Development, 2004) McColgan, A. ‘Discrimination Law’ (North, America: Hart Publishing Co, 2nd edn., 2005). comb Anleu, S. ‘Law and Social Change’ (City Road, London: sensible Publication Limited, 2000) Sargeant, M. ‘Discrimination Law’ (Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2004) Sommerland, H., Webley, D., Duff, L., Muzio, D., Tomlinson, J. ‘Diversity in the Legal Profession in England and Wales: A Qualitative Study of Barriers and Individual Choices’ Suddards, H. ‘Sex and belt along Discrimina tion’ (Camp Road, London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2nd edn., 2002) Webley, L., Duff, L. ‘Women Solicitors as a Barometer for Problems within the Legal Profession: Time to Put Values before Profits?’ (2007) 34 Journal of Law and Society 374 Wilkins, D. ‘Rollin’ on the River: Race, Elite Schools, and the Equality Paradox’ (2000) 25 Law and Social Inquiry 527\r\nCases\r\nHeard and another v Sinclair Roche and Temperley (a firm) and others [2004] All ER (D) 432 (Jul) R v R [1992] 1 A.C. 599 Legislation Constitutional Reform Act 2005 Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 Equal Franchise Act 1928 Equal Pay Act 1970\r\n'