The French Revolution New Political Ideas and Revolutions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2601 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: French Revolution Essay Did you like this example? The French Revolution was a necessary revolution that gave the people of France their independence and a new form of government that was much needed. Before the French revolution, France was going through the Renaissance, which sparked some causes for the French Revolution. The government before the revolution was very unequal to the people of France, which sparked the revolution. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The French Revolution: New Political Ideas and Revolutions" essay for you Create order One of the government issues to the people of France was the unequal Estate System. The Estate System represented three social orders of within French society: Estate-Clergy, Second Estate-Nobles, and Third Estate. The majority of the population of France was in the third estate and were forced to pay most of all of the taxes that came towards France. This being a problem was enhanced a ton when France’s debt came along because of participation in wars and the American Revolution. This lead to a massive debt which really angered the third estate. Also, this was when the Enlightenment was happening, a major part of the Renaissance. Many Philosophers wrote and spread many ideas of equality and voting rights. This further enhanced the movement of the third estate rebelling and causing the French Revolution to occur. The French Revolution was not just battling. There were several events leading up to the big battles and bigger events. The revolution took action when the National Assembly was formed. The starting events such as the Estates-General in May 1748 and the Storming of the Bastille caused the revolution to take action. Then the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen gained more support for the revolution by gaining the attention of the lower class which was the majority of France’s population. All of these smaller events lead to battles and war and played a major role in the revolution. The revolution permanently affected France in many ways such as social order and daily life. The French Revolution was most necessary for the people to fight for equality and justice. In the time period, 1750 to 1900s, the Industrial Revolution had started and spread rapidly. There were many new inventions such as the steam engine, cotton gin, and factories. As states industrialized over this time period, they expanded their existing overseas colonies in need for raw materials. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, there began an intense period of revolutions and rebellions over existing governments. One of these Revolutions was the French Revolution. The French Revolution had many causes leading up to this revolution such as France’s economic crisis and unfair taxes, Enlightenment ideas, and the Estate System. The French Revolution was necessary in order to help the people fight back to gain their equal rights, to create a new fair and just government, and so the people of France can live freely. Before the French revolution, the social structure of France was very noticeably unequal with its estate system. The estate system divided France’s society into three categories, First estate-Clergy, Second Estate-Nobles, and the Third Estate. The first estate owned an enormous amount of power-about a ruler’s amount of power, and they also owned a ton of land. The second estate didn’t own as much power, but enough to be in the high-class range, and they got all of the good paying jobs, like military and politicians. The third estate consisted of many subcategories and made up 98% of the French population. Some of those subcategories went from the bourgeois (highest) middle class,(middle) middle-class peasants, and (lowest) city workers. The sans-culottes however, (city workers) got the most work, were underpaid for it, and started to spread the unfairness of getting the most work and taxes.(The French Revolution 1789-1815, 2015) Now, the other two states had no t axes to pay and most of them lived the life of luxury and did not want anything to change. They didn’t want to change simply because of the fact that they are on top and do not have to go through any pain like the third estate is in right now. All of this inequality contributes to the fact that the France revolution needed to happen. These differences are gonna influence the French revolution in that it is showing clear separation of power with the unequal distribution of power. The Second Estate will soon want to be with the First estate, but not want to change the third estate because they do all of the work. This means that they want more power and land because of the greedy need but dont want the lower classes to change the state that theyre in right now. Now with their estate system at the state that it is currently at right now, (unequal) France will be going into economic debt and will need a way to pay it off. So just as essential knowledge, Europe is going through the Renaissance (rebirth) which will lead to a larger population; which created a greater demand for food and products. The discovery of new gold mines in Brazil had led to a general rise in prices throughout the West from about 1730, indicating a prosperous economic situation. However, from about 1770, this trend slackened, and economic crises, provoking alarm and revolts, became more frequent. (History SparkNotes, 2018) France was accompanying the 13 colonies with helping their American revolution. Which lead to Frances heavy military expenditures during the American Revolution, and were also involved in the Seven Years War; (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018) resulted in a national debt of approximately four billion books in 1789. The country could not afford to meet i ts loan payments nor could it obtain more credit (History SparkNotes, 2018). When the French needed more money they started to tax the lower class, only the lower class they got 99% of the taxes. As if the lower class didn’t pay all the taxes but now they have to pay even more, and even Loui Xiv thought this was pretty unfair; so he decided to go to assemble the nobles which he called â€Å"The Assembly of Notables†. So Loui Xiv gathered the nobility and wanted to make a system in where they would have a nice balance in the taxation system, and it backfired on Loui. The nobility questioned their authority and they didn’t fix the government. All of this debt incoming towards France is a necessary cause for France because this just helped the Third Estate gain more rage. This supports why the French Revolution needed to happen because this inequality within the taxes and debt are all incoming towards the poor city workers. So with this economic debt at hand, with the lower class paying for it, and the nobles rebelling on Loui this just lead into the Enlightenment. So to start, the Enlightenment caused big changes in Europe, because of the philosophers ideas conveying throughout Europe. The Enlightenment was a development of thought, which led to increasing criticism of absolute monarchy and an interest in republican ideals. Philosophers like John Locke, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, where just of the few that really influenced ideas like liberty, freedom of slaves, no more monarchies and more. John Locke emphasized contributions to modern theories of limited, liberal government; â€Å"He argued that all of our ideas are ultimately derived from experience, and the knowledge of which we are capable is therefore severely limited in its scope and certainty.†( By Individual Philosopher John Locke, 2008). Also, Voltaire found inspiration in their ideals of a free and liberal society, along with freedom of religion and free commerce. (Julien Josset, 2008) Adam Smith as well believed in no slavery, wanted free religion and equal rights. Adam Smith devoted most of his time towards the economic ideas of the Enlightenment Era, as the idea of laissez-faire and the law of supply which created the basic concepts of modern economics. (Modern Economics) Jean-Jacques Rousseau strongly believed in the goodness of man and in basic human rights founded upon universal natural law; he also believed that both rulers and the citizens have natural human rights as well as obligations to each other which should be bound in a social contract. (Julien Josset, 2008) Basically saying that people should have a say in government. Even though some of these philosophers didn’t originate from France, this just supports how many philosophers ideas were getting spread and where affecting revolutions. The reason why this really helped make France go into the Revolution. These philosophers posed many different, and also similar ideas, influencing France’s population to really think about absolutism. This â€Å"development† of Enlightenment thought led to increasing criticism of the absolute monarchy, an interest in republican ideals, critiqued the monarchy and the Catholic Church and examined democratic forms of government. The revolution started to take action with the National and Legislative Assembly. On May 17, 1748, there was a meeting of the Estates General, where there was a dispute over the voting structure. The nobles of the Second Estate demanded the use of one vote per estate, which would effectively void any vote of the Third Estate and the Third Estate refused to participate (French Revolution, 2018). These actions were necessary because the people of France wanted to be equal and be treated fairly. The cahiers of all three social distinctions saw the need for reform to the judiciary, taxation, and the Catholic church as well as it’s administration. The parish priests agreed with the reforms of the taxes, but they wanted to keep their power as the Catholic church (Mcphee,2006). Then there was a rumor about an aristocratic conspiracy to overthrow the Third Estate, and on July 14th, the uprising stormed the Bastille, and massacred the workers and freed the prisoners (French Revolutio n, 2018). The take-over of the Bastille helped the National Assembly gain more support by â€Å"patriots† started to take over and revolt against local governments (Mcphee, 2006). The Storming of the Bastille was necessary because it was a way for the people of France to revolt against the government and gain more support for their fight for justice and equality. Shortly after, on August 4, the National Assembly, desiring to satisfy the peasants, abolished serfdom and old feudal privileges. The National Assembly codified this as The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. As the revolution grew, Louis XVI allowed the National Assembly to grow and invited the clergy and nobles to join the National Assembly. In addition, King Louis XVI rejected the abolition of feudalism and The Declaration of the Rights of Man (French Revolution, 2018). This declaration was definitely necessary because the lower classes were no longer the lower classes, everyone was equal. T his gained support for the fight of equality and justice because it got the lower class involved which was the majority of the population. Eventually on October 21st, the National Assembly declared martial war. Over the next several months, the National Assembly passed a series of liberal reforms which proceeded to simplify France’s complex administrative system. The actions on the complex administrative system was necessary because it simplified the existing government and the people of Frances were making more progress to their fight for justice and equality. Frances On June 20th, 1790, the assembly officially abolished nobility. Louis and his family tried to escape to Paris but were caught and Louis was soon forced to accept the new Constitution of 1791 that provided for a limited monarchy (French Revolution, 2018). After King Louis was caught he was convicted of treason and was punished by execution. By King Louis being executed, it showed that the revolution was gaining in power and how powerful it was. In 1793, the Convention established the Committee of Public Safety which was a 12 man Committee that worked as the executive branch of the revolutionary government. Girondins and Montagnards were both included in this committee and in May, more moderate Girondins were purged from the Convention, and the more extreme Montagnards took control of the Convention and the Committee of Public Safety. Then the Montagnards used their power to identify their enemy in the revolution. The Committee of Public Safety was necessary because it united all the revolutionists together and progressed towards their goal of equality and justice. Under the direction of Maximilien Robespierre, the Committee of Public Safety executed tens of thousands of people by guillotine in the name of the revolution. At least 300,000 suspects were arrested, 17,000 were officially executed, and many died in prison or without trial (French Revolution, 2018). In addition, the Committee of Public Safety had to mobilize an entire society into a defensive position because they faced internal collapse and external defeat (Mcphee, 2006). The Committee of Public Safety was focused on increasing their size so they established a draft for all men between the ages of 18 and 25, which made the French army increase in size massively. Then the Convention abolished the Gregorian calendar which had Christian associations and replaced it with a more scientific calendar. In July 1794, the Convention overthrew Robespierre and put an end to the reign of terror which is known as the Thermidorian reaction (French Revolution, 2018). The Convention drew up a new constitution that established the French Directory which was governed by five directors and these five directors were chosen by a bicameral legislature divided into the Council of Five Hundred and an upper chamber of 250 ancients. In addition, the Directory was plagued by the same problems encountered by the Convention (French Revolution, 2018). Napoleon Bonaparte, a young republican artillery officer, who helped in the war overthrew the directory in a coup detat and in 1802, he appointed counsel for life and in 1804, he proclaimed himself emperor Napoleon I of France(Mcphee, 2006)(French Revolution, 2018). This war permanently affected France in many ways. For example, every France citizen was judged the same and taxed the same on wealth and more importantly land. Daily life was unchanged and women also remained unchanged with their rights before the revolution. A lot of lands was also changed due to the churchs loss of power, but farmers did benefit fro m this and were able to farm more(Mcphee, 2006). The French Revolution was a major turning point in French history in that it was a period where France was in a phase where it fixed itself. It was really necessary as those causation factors really pushed it to the point where it went to into phases during its Revolution. Phase One introduced the rage of the third estate, and how the first estate and second estate had to try to calm them down. However all of the problems were solved, and Phase three solidified it with a new constitution. With this new constitution, it established a new way of rule, a more equal way of rule, and with this new way of government or rule, it will establish a baseline for other societies to follow. When the Revolution ended, France was in a better state then it was than before and this is a great setup for current France. Sources: French Revolution. (2018). In World History: The Modern Era. Retrieved from https://worldhistory-abc-clio-xaaa.orc.scoolaid.net/Search/Display/309360 French Revolution. (2018). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved from https://school-eb-xaaa.orc.scoolaid.net/levels/high/article/French-Revolution/35357 MCPHEE, PETER. French Revolution. Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire, edited by John Merriman and Jay Winter, vol. 2, Charles Scribners Sons, 2006, pp. 884-899. World History in Context, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3446900325/WHIC?u=smithtownsid=WHICxid=4b14996f. French Revolution (2018). Frances Financial Crisis: 1783–1788Event Outline. Retrieved from https://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/frenchrev/section1/ The-philosophy.com(2017) ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHERS LIST retrieved from https://www.the-philosophy.com/enlightenment-philosophers-list AP World History (2012-2013)Effects of the French Revolution Retrieved from https://apworldhistory2012-2013.weebly.com/effects-of-the-french-revolution.html

Obesity Comes With Psychological Effects Essay - 2370 Words

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Question: Describe about the Report for American university of emirates and My future Career. Answer: My future goals have always been the ones which can be actually managed well enough and because of this only I always have had an inclination towards management. And when I have AUE for my rescue, I am indeed sorted because of the excellent education which I am gaining. The American University in the Emirates is one of the best universities with an excellent American curriculum, which gives me an opportunity to explore and learn the management with a whole new perspective of global standards. AUE blends very smoothly with my commitment to serve the society in the field of business management which is my core subject also. Bringing to your focus- there are significant and various prospects in the field of business management and related fields which justifies my stand to peruse my career in this field in this amazing university AEU. Primarily my interest is in Business and Entrepreneurship and the Programme here can provide me with a comprehensive study in both these heads. The Exhaustive and well balanced course here at AUE gives me a perfect growth platform which will surely be a mile stone for all my future endeavors. I am hoping to be a part of this great fraternity. After gaining an amazing experience through trainings and internships in AUE, I can proceed onward to administer different administrators with a goal to end up accomplices. The most vital position which you would hope for is that of a General Manager. With AUE being a partner with so many US Universities, this enriches our academic provision. Moreover I personally feel that with such a wide range of exposure, it helps me to plan my future really well in this competitive world. Sometimes in the world, some people tend to get what they want and some dont really get it besides all the sheer hard work, courage and potential. What could be the possible reasons- I used to think? Then ultimately understood that life is a race and if you dont run fast then you know where you will be dwelling! This is why thinking about career has become very important from the early age years in our lives. And AUE really boosts my confidence in pursuing my dream in entering the industry where the will to create something new, creativity and management are all that matters. The onsite, on- hand training and we being the young business management practitioners are made responsible for learning about so many concepts of how to manage your own venture, how to raise seed capital, investment and various sorts of business and risk management. Moreover an educational allocation of our very own resources in these corporate and global levels makes me confident that I have a great future ahead of me. AUE offers understudies astounding undergrad, graduate and expert projects that urge you to wind up proactive, intelligent and basic scholars and specialists. AUE also allows you to be connected with group, whose individuals grasp their own way of life, while likewise understanding different societies and points of view, in a soul of sympathetic resilience. And in this manner only, I would like to thank this AUE University for making my faith in management career of mine so strong.

Space Exploration (1906 words) Essay Example For Students

Space Exploration (1906 words) Essay Space ExplorationSPACE EXPLORATION: FROM THE PAST TO THE FUTUREEver since the beginning of time, mankind has been fascinated with wonders of space. Before the mid-1900s, all mankind could do was gaze at the stars from Earth and wonder what it would be like to go into space. Man would look through telescopes and make theories on how the universe worked. During the mid-1900s, mankind finally was able to send a man into space and explore the wonders of space first hand. So why do humans explore space? Well, it is our fascination with the unknown. At first, all mankind did was look up and wonder how things became what they are now. We started to think that all celestial bodies revolved around the Earth, and the Earth was the center of the entire universe. Galileo Galelie later disproved this theory. 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The space station is envisioned to be a world-class research facility in which scientist can study Earth and space, as well as explore the medical effects of long durations of weightlessness in space and the behavior of materials in a weightlessness environment, and the practicality of space manufacturing techniques. .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 , .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .postImageUrl , .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 , .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963:hover , .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963:visited , .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963:active { border:0!important; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963:active , .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963 .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u21c7459d13a92173979b8cdd7207c963:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Young Goodman Brown, By Nathaniel Hawthorne, Is A Story That Is Thick EssayNow, the future of space exploration depends on many factors. Some of these factors are as followed: how much technology advances, how political forces change rivalries as well as partnerships with other nations, and how important space exploration is to the general public. NASA is working on a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle, but until it is until then, NASA plans to us the space shuttle fleet to the year 2012. It is clear that mankind has devoted itself to the exploration of the unknown and that we are committed to find new planets on which man cal live and prosper. Missiles were first used t o take man into space. In the Gemini and Mercury missions, missiles without warheads and a compartment for the astronauts was used to get into space. On the other hand, the Saturn 5 Rockets were used in the Apollo missions to reach orbit and land on the moon. This method became too expensive so NASA was forced to develop a reusable space craft. As a result, NASA designed the space shuttle, which is used today. The shuttle takes off like a rocket with an external fuel tank and two solid rocket boosters. The two rocket boosters, which are attached to the external fuel tank, provide additional thrust during lift off and are discarded after first two minutes from take off. They are then retrieved from the ocean to be fixed, refueled, and reused. The external fuel tank supply additional fuel to the three onboard engines and is detached from the shuttle, orbiter, after reaching orbit. Another spacecraft is the X-33 is a single stage orbiter and a smaller version of the venture star. Both of these crafts will be launched like a shuttle but without any additional boosters. They will be able to land, get refueled and loaded with cargo, positioned vertically, and take off within hours. It will make travel to space faster, safer and cheaper. The two crafts will use the spike engine that allows the craft to reach orbit without gong through different stages during lift off. The X-33 and the Venture Star will allow companies to put satellites in orbit for a cheaper cost. Space travel does take its effect on humans. Piloted space flights have to supply oxygen, food, and water for their occupants and even longer flights need to have a way to dispose of or recycle waste. The even longer flights, spacecrafts will eventually need to become mostly self-sufficient. The astronauts will have to exercise and since the astronauts will be weightless, the shuttle will need to provide more than just the core physical needs for the astronauts to stay healthy. The weight of the craft is so important that it plays a crucial role in the amount of food supplied by the spacecraft. Most food provided to the astronauts is dehydrated, which is rehydrated by a device that is some what like a water gun, to save space as well as weight. However, some foods are given in their conventional form such as fruits, candy, and bread. Water is usually provided by fuel cells that also provide electricity to the whole ship. The reaction between Hydrogen and oxygen provides the electricity and creates water as well. A small amount of water is also carried onboard in case of emergencies. Water is also recycled on long duration missions aboard space stations. In this process, drinkable water is extracted from a combination of waste water, urine, and moister from the atmosphere in the cabin. This system will be recycled was used on the MIR space station and is planned to be used on the International Space Station. Skylab, the first US space station, was the fist to offer its crew a chance to bathe in space by installing a collapsible shower. To prevent water from escaping and floating around the cabin, the astronauts sealed the shower once inside. Astronauts had a hand-held nozzle to dispense water and then a vacuum to remove the water. On the space shuttle on Mir, where the showers malfunctioned, astronauts and cosmonauts have had to take sponge bathes in order to stay clean. On the International Space Station, showers will be provided in the habitual module. .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d , .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .postImageUrl , .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d , .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d:hover , .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d:visited , .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d:active { border:0!important; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d:active , .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u79b230dbc519f2fbb7a7ff8fb500844d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Religion Of Huckleberry Finn Essay PaperMost piloted spacecrafts carry their oxygen in the liquid state of matter in onboard tanks that keep the oxygen at cryogenic or super-cold temperatures to save space on the craft. The Russian space station MIR used special onboard generators to separate water into oxygen and hydrogen. On the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo missions, the cabin atmosphere consisted of one hundred percent oxygen. This gave the cabin a pressure of 0.3 kg/sq cm (about 5 lbs/sq in). However, on the space shuttle and the MIR space station, the atmosphere is a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen to provide an atmospheric pressure of 1.01 kg/sq cm (14.5 lbs/sq in) , which is slightly lower than that of sea level. Before an astronaut could go on space walks, astronauts and cosmonauts had to breathe pure oxygen to rid their bloodstreams of nitrogen. This eliminated the chance that the space walker would get decompression sickness because of the different pressures from the space suit and the cabin. Since the suit had a pressure of 0.30 kg/sq. cm, the sudden decompression would cause nitrogen bubbles to form in the bloodstream and other bodily organs and would result in a painful and potentially lethal condition. This atmospheric mixture is planned to be used in the International Space Station. A problem with micro gravity and weightlessness is that in long duration missions in this type of environment creates problems with the muscles weakening. In space, muscles do not have to exert much force to move and in turn get weaker. This creates a problem with a mission to Mars, the long duration in a weightless environment will weaken the muscles and when craft lands on Mars, the crew will have a difficult time adjusting to the new environment and completing their jobs. To make this problem less severe, scientist are working on a way to create artificial gravity. This will make the environment in which the astronauts travel in more like that of Earth, so when the crew lands on Mars, they will have an easier time adjusting to the gravity of Mars. Space exploration has come a long way since the beginning. mankind has gone to the moon and back, we have sent probes to the furthest reaches of our solar system, we have sent a robot to roam the Martian terrain, we have made spaceships that are reusable, and we can see other galaxies that are billions of light years away. Now we brainstorm on how to explore space even further. Man kind is destined to go to the far reaches of the universe and make contact with other life forms. With all things considered, humans are not far from colonizing space. Bibliographyâ€Å"Space Exploration.† Encarta Encyclopedia. October 2000. Available: http://encata.msn.com/â€Å"NASA Plans to Continue X-33 Space Plane Plan.† NASA. October 2000 Available: http://www.nasa.gov/today/index.htmlâ€Å"NASA, Lockheed Martin Agree on X-33 Plan.† Mission Updates. October 2000 Available: http://www.venturestar.com/pages/missupd/pressrel/2000/09290001.htmlâ€Å"X-33 Space Plane Program Moves Ahead.† X-33 News. October 2000 Available: http://www.x33news.com/ or http://www1.msfc.nasa.gov/NEWSROOM/news/releases/2000/00-284.htmlâ€Å"Space Exploration.† Academic American Encyclopedia. pg. 120-120c. copyright 1998Science Essays